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[[Image:Perils of the Sea.jpg|right|thumb|250px|[[Winslow Homer]]'s painting, ''Perils of the Sea'']]

[[Image:Perils of the Sea.jpg|right|thumb|250px|[[Winslow Homer]]'s painting, ''Perils of the Sea'']]

'''Perils of the Sea''' is a maritime and insurance term for "those causes of loss for which the carrier is not legally liable; the elemental risks of ocean transport."<ref>U.S. Department of Transportation Maritime Administration [http://www.marad.dot.gov/publications/glossary/glossary.html Glossary]</ref> The [[England|English]] '''Marine Insurance Act''' (MIA) restricts the term to only "fortuitous accidents and casualties exclusive of the ordinary winds and waves"<ref>Rules of Construction of the English Marine Insurance Act (1906) Rule 7</ref> The judgement of Lord Bramwell in ''Thames and Mersey Insurance Co. v Hamilton, Fraser & Co.'' decrees that the phrase covers "every accidental circumstances not the result of ordinary wear and tear, delay, or of the act of the assured, happening in the course of the navigation of the ship, and incidental to the navigation, and causing loss to the subject-matter of the insurance."<ref>(1887) 12 App. Cas. 484</ref> These would include storms, waves, and wind; collision; grounding; fire, smoke and noxious fumes; flooding, sinking and capsizing; loss of propulsion or steering; and any other hazards resulting from the unique environment of the sea. War perils, "[[pirate]]s, rovers, thieves, captures, seizures, restraints, and detainments of princes and peoples, jettisons and [[barratry]]" are also regarded as perils of the sea. It is generally held that it does not include the ordinary action of the winds and waves.<ref>What is a policy of marine insurance? Gibbs v MMI (2003)[http://www.law.uq.edu.au/maslu/downloads/Seminar/Derrington_Policy_Marine_Insurance.ppt The University of Queensland, Australia] Accessed July 12 2007</ref>

'''Perils of the Sea''' is a maritime and insurance term for "those causes of loss for which the carrier is not legally liable; the elemental risks of ocean transport."<ref>U.S. Department of Transportation Maritime Administration [http://www.marad.dot.gov/publications/glossary/glossary.html Glossary]</ref> The [[England|English]] '''Marine Insurance Act''' (MIA) restricts the term to only "fortuitous accidents and casualties exclusive of the ordinary winds and waves"<ref>Rules of Construction of the English Marine Insurance Act (1906) Rule 7</ref> The judgement of Lord Bramwell in ''Thames and Mersey Insurance Co. v Hamilton, Fraser & Co.'' decrees that the phrase covers "every accidental circumstances not the result of ordinary wear and tear, delay, or of the act of the assured, happening in the course of the navigation of the ship, and incidental to the navigation, and causing loss to the subject-matter of the insurance."<ref>(1887) 12 App. Cas. 484</ref> These would include storms, waves, and wind; collision; grounding; fire, smoke and noxious fumes; flooding, sinking and capsizing; loss of propulsion or steering; and any other hazards resulting from the unique environment of the sea. War perils, "[[pirate]]s, rovers, thieves, captures, seizures, restraints, and detainments of princes and peoples, jettisons and [[barratry]]" are also regarded as perils of the sea. It is generally held that it does not include the ordinary action of the winds and waves.<ref>What is a policy of marine insurance? Gibbs v MMI (2003)[http://www.law.uq.edu.au/maslu/downloads/Seminar/Derrington_Policy_Marine_Insurance.ppt The University of Queensland, Australia] Accessed July 12, 2007</ref>

==Popular culture==

==Popular culture==

*''Perils of the Sea'' is the title of an etching and a painting by [[United States|American]] artist [[Winslow Homer]] (1836-1910).<ref>The Metropolitan Museum of Art [http://www.metmuseum.org/store/st_family_viewer.asp/familyID/{FC54BE8D-F401-42F1-AA9B-F730801EBC32}/FromPage/catLimitedEdition/familyNo/8/catID/{E3647AF9-A389-4689-907F-6E0108B3CA57} The Mezzanine Gallery] Accessed July 12 2007</ref>

*''Perils of the Sea'' is the title of an etching and a painting by [[United States|American]] artist [[Winslow Homer]] (1836-1910).<ref>The Metropolitan Museum of Art [http://www.metmuseum.org/store/st_family_viewer.asp/familyID/{FC54BE8D-F401-42F1-AA9B-F730801EBC32}/FromPage/catLimitedEdition/familyNo/8/catID/{E3647AF9-A389-4689-907F-6E0108B3CA57} The Mezzanine Gallery] Accessed July 12, 2007</ref>

*"S.O.S. Perils of the Sea" is also the title of a 1925 movie (Dir: James P. Hogan)<ref>SOS Perils of the Sea [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0016305/ IMDb] Accessed July 12 2007</ref>

*"S.O.S. Perils of the Sea" is also the title of a 1925 movie (Dir: James P. Hogan)<ref>SOS Perils of the Sea [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0016305/ IMDb] Accessed July 12, 2007</ref>

==References==

==References==

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[[Category:Shipping Terms]][[Category:Law]][[Category:Transportation]]

[[Category:Shipping Terms]][[Category:Law]][[Category:Transportation]]