Changes

Stephen Russell Mallory, the  Confederate secretary of the navy, began with 3,000 personnel and twelve captured U.S. ships. During the war Mallory doubled manpower and commissioned 209 vessels, but it was always too little and too late. The [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]] lacked a naval tradition, warships or an industrial infrastructure that could build ships and cannon. Most of the riverboat captains and engineers were northerners who went North, taking their boats with them. It seized many Union ships in Southern ports, but was unable to make use of them.  However it did raise the scuttled frigate "Merrimack" after capturing the  Norfolk navy yard) and made it into an ironclad. For a single day the "Merrimack", renamed the "Virginia", threatened to destroy the blockading Union Navy of wooden ships. But the Northern ironclad "Monitor" showed up, neutralizing the "Virginia;" the battle was a draw. (The Confederates had to abandon Norfolk and they burned the "Virginia."). The low-slung Monitor was equipped with a revolving gun turret, an epoch-making development in naval warfare.  

Stephen Russell Mallory, the  Confederate secretary of the navy, began with 3,000 personnel and twelve captured U.S. ships. During the war Mallory doubled manpower and commissioned 209 vessels, but it was always too little and too late. The [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]] lacked a naval tradition, warships or an industrial infrastructure that could build ships and cannon. Most of the riverboat captains and engineers were northerners who went North, taking their boats with them. It seized many Union ships in Southern ports, but was unable to make use of them.  However it did raise the scuttled frigate "Merrimack" after capturing the  Norfolk navy yard) and made it into an ironclad. For a single day the "Merrimack", renamed the "Virginia", threatened to destroy the blockading Union Navy of wooden ships. But the Northern ironclad "Monitor" showed up, neutralizing the "Virginia;" the battle was a draw. (The Confederates had to abandon Norfolk and they burned the "Virginia."). The low-slung Monitor was equipped with a revolving gun turret, an epoch-making development in naval warfare.  

The South contracted with the British who built a dozen commerce raiders, notably the "Alabama," which was finally tracked down and sunk off the coast of France.  The raiders, with Confederate officers in command and international crews, effectively ruined the U.S. merchant marine on the high seach; it never recovered.  

The South contracted with the British who built a dozen commerce raiders, notably the "Alabama," which was finally tracked down and sunk off the coast of France.  The raiders, with Confederate officers in command and international crews, effectively ruined the U.S. merchant marine on the high search; it never recovered.  

The Confederate Congress allowed for flag officers but commissioned only Admiral Franklin Buchanan and Rear Admiral Raphael Semmes.

The Confederate Congress allowed for flag officers but commissioned only Admiral Franklin Buchanan and Rear Admiral Raphael Semmes.

====White Fleet, 1907====

====White Fleet, 1907====

[[File:NAVY1908.jpg|thumb|550px|U.S. Navy recruting poster, 1908]]

[[File:NAVY1908.jpg|thumb|550px|U.S. Navy recruiting poster, 1908]]

President [[Theodore Roosevelt]], a strong navy man, proudly sent his powerful new "great white fleet" of sixteen new battleships around the world in 1907-09, demonstrating the  maturity of American naval engineering as well as the substance for the "big stick" foreign policy.  

President [[Theodore Roosevelt]], a strong navy man, proudly sent his powerful new "great white fleet" of sixteen new battleships around the world in 1907-09, demonstrating the  maturity of American naval engineering as well as the substance for the "big stick" foreign policy.  

* Coletta, Paolo E., ed. ''American Secretaries of the Navy'' (2 vol 1980)  1028 pp; essays by scholars on each secretary down to 1972

* Coletta, Paolo E., ed. ''American Secretaries of the Navy'' (2 vol 1980)  1028 pp; essays by scholars on each secretary down to 1972

* Dorwart, Jeffery M. ''The Philadelphia Navy Yard: From the Birth of the U.S. Navy to the Nuclear Age''  (2000) [http://www.amazon.com/Philadelphia-Navy-Yard-Nuclear-Foundation/dp/0812235754/ref=sr_1_12?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1212266510&sr=8-12 excerpt and text search]

* Dorwart, Jeffery M. ''The Philadelphia Navy Yard: From the Birth of the U.S. Navy to the Nuclear Age''  (2000) [http://www.amazon.com/Philadelphia-Navy-Yard-Nuclear-Foundation/dp/0812235754/ref=sr_1_12?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1212266510&sr=8-12 excerpt and text search]

* Hagan, Kenneth J. ''People's Navy: The Making of American Sea Power'' (1991) , 434pp

* Hagan, Kenneth J. ''People's Navy: The Making of American Sea Power'' (1991), 434pp

*  Howarth, Stephen. ''To Shining Sea -- A History of the United States Navy, 1775-1991'' (1991).  

*  Howarth, Stephen. ''To Shining Sea -- A History of the United States Navy, 1775-1991'' (1991).  

* Love, Robert W. ''History of the US Navy: 1775-1941'' (1992) [http://www.amazon.com/History-U-S-Navy-1775-1941-Robert/dp/081171862X/ref=sr_1_10/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1191328523&sr=1-10 excerpt and text search]; 'History of the US Navy: 1942-1991'' (1992) [http://www.amazon.com/History-U-S-Navy-1942-1991-U/dp/0811718638/ref=sr_1_9/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1191328523&sr=1-9  excerpt and text search]

* Love, Robert W. ''History of the US Navy: 1775-1941'' (1992) [http://www.amazon.com/History-U-S-Navy-1775-1941-Robert/dp/081171862X/ref=sr_1_10/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1191328523&sr=1-10 excerpt and text search]; 'History of the US Navy: 1942-1991'' (1992) [http://www.amazon.com/History-U-S-Navy-1942-1991-U/dp/0811718638/ref=sr_1_9/103-4827826-5463040?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1191328523&sr=1-9  excerpt and text search]