Changes

The Maryland Chemical Works of Baltimore used a mix of free labor, hired slaves, and slaves owned by the corporation to work in its factory. Since chemicals needed constant attention, the rapid turnover of free white labor encouraged the owner to use slaves. While slave labor was about 20% cheaper, the company began to reduce its dependence on slave labor in 1829 when two slaves ran away and one died.<ref>T. Stephen Whitman, "Industrial Slavery at the Margin: the Maryland Chemical Works," ''Journal of Southern History'' 1993 59(1): 31-62,</ref>  

The Maryland Chemical Works of Baltimore used a mix of free labor, hired slaves, and slaves owned by the corporation to work in its factory. Since chemicals needed constant attention, the rapid turnover of free white labor encouraged the owner to use slaves. While slave labor was about 20% cheaper, the company began to reduce its dependence on slave labor in 1829 when two slaves ran away and one died.<ref>T. Stephen Whitman, "Industrial Slavery at the Margin: the Maryland Chemical Works," ''Journal of Southern History'' 1993 59(1): 31-62,</ref>  

It was easy for slaves in the city to run away—as [[Frederick Douglass]] did. Therefore slaveholders in Baltimore frequently turned to gradual manumission as a means to secure dependable and productive labor from slaves. In promising freedom after a fixed period of years, slaveholders intended to reduce the costs associated with lifetime servitude while providing slaves incentive for cooperation. Blacks for their part tried to negotiate terms of manumission that were more advantageous, and the implicit threat of flight weighed significantly in slaveholders' calculations.<ref>Stephen Whitman,  "Manumission and the Transformation of Urban Slavery," ''Social Science History'' 1995 19(3): 333-370</ref>  

It was easy for slaves in the city to run away—as [[Frederick Douglass]] did. Therefore, slaveholders in Baltimore frequently turned to gradual manumission as a means to secure dependable and productive labor from slaves. In promising freedom after a fixed period of years, slaveholders intended to reduce the costs associated with lifetime servitude while providing slaves incentive for cooperation. Blacks for their part tried to negotiate terms of manumission that were more advantageous, and the implicit threat of flight weighed significantly in slaveholders' calculations.<ref>Stephen Whitman,  "Manumission and the Transformation of Urban Slavery," ''Social Science History'' 1995 19(3): 333-370</ref>  

===1850s===

===1850s===

Baltimore in the [[Third Party System]] had two-party competitive elections, with powerful bosses, carefully orchestrated political violence, and an emerging working-class consciousness at the polls.  The fierce politics of the 1850s had galvanized the white workers, most of them German, who opposed slavery.  The American Party emerged in the mid 1850s to represent Protestants and to counter the Democratic Party, which was increasingly controlled by [[Catholic Irish]].  When Baltimore erupted in violence at the time of Lincoln's inauguration, for example, the pro-Union "Blood Tubs" that took to the streets were veterans of political rioting.  The nativist American (Know-Nothing) Party captured the Baltimore government in 1854. The party used patronage and, especially, coercion; its armed forces scared off Democratic voters and forced drunks and immigrants to vote multiple times. The party elected a congressman and governor during its short reign. In 1860 the Democrat-controlled legislature took back the city police, the militia, patronage, and the electoral machinery, and prosecuted some Know-Nothings for electoral fraud. By 1861 the Know-Nothings had split over secession.<ref>Frank Towers, ''The Urban South and the Coming of the Civil War'' (2004)</ref>   

Baltimore in the [[Third Party System]] had two-party competitive elections, with powerful bosses, carefully orchestrated political violence, and an emerging working-class consciousness at the polls.  The fierce politics of the 1850s had galvanized the white workers, most of them German, who opposed slavery.  The American Party emerged in the mid 1850s to represent Protestants and to counter the Democratic Party, which was increasingly controlled by [[Catholic Irish]].  When Baltimore erupted in violence at the time of Lincoln's inauguration, for example, the pro-Union "Blood Tubs" that took to the streets were veterans of political rioting.  The nativist American (Know-Nothing) Party captured the Baltimore government in 1854. The party used patronage and, especially, coercion; its armed forces scared off Democratic voters and forced drunks and immigrants to vote multiple times. The party elected a congressman and governor during its short reign. In 1860 the Democrat-controlled legislature took back the city police, the militia, patronage, and the electoral machinery, and prosecuted some Know-Nothings for electoral fraud. By 1861 the Know-Nothings had split over secession.<ref>Frank Towers, ''The Urban South and the Coming of the Civil War'' (2004)</ref>   

Baltimore was torn by the Civil War. Much of the social and political elite favored the Confederacy—and indeed owned house slaves.  In the 1860 election the city's large German element voted not for Lincoln but for Southern Democrat John C. Breckinridge. They were less concerned with the abolition of slavery, an issue emphasized by Republicans, and much more with nativism, temperance, and religious beliefs, associated with the Know-Nothing Party and strongly opposed by the Democrats. However the Germans hated slavery and supported the Union.

Baltimore was torn by the Civil War. Much of the social and political elite favored the Confederacy—and indeed owned house slaves.  In the 1860 election the city's large German element voted not for Lincoln but for Southern Democrat John C. Breckinridge. They were less concerned with the abolition of slavery, an issue emphasized by Republicans, and much more with nativism, temperance, and religious beliefs, associated with the Know-Nothing Party and strongly opposed by the Democrats. However the Germans hated slavery and supported the Union.

When Massachusetts troops marched through the city on April 19, 1861, en route to Washington, a rebel mob attacked; 4 soldiers and 12 rioters were dead, and 36 soldiers and uncounted rioters had been injured.  Governor Thomas Hicks realized action was needed. He convened a special session of the General Assembly but moved its location to a site in Frederick, a distance from the secessionist groups. In doing this and by other actions, Hicks managed to neutralize the General Assembly to avoid Maryland's secession from the Union, becoming a hero in the eyes of the Unionists in the state. Meanwhile pro-Confederate gangs  burned the bridges connecting Baltimore and Washington to the North, and cut the telegraph lines.  Lincoln sent in federal troops under Gen. [[Ben Butler]]; they seized the city, imposed  martial law, and arrested leading Confederate spokesmen. The prisoners were later released and the rail lines reopened, making Baltimore a major Union base during the war.

When Massachusetts troops marched through the city on April 19, 1861, en route to Washington, a rebel mob attacked; 4 soldiers and 12 rioters were dead, and 36 soldiers and uncounted rioters had been injured.  Governor Thomas Hicks realized action was needed. He convened a special session of the General Assembly but moved its location to a site in Frederick, a distance from the secessionist groups. In doing this and by other actions, Hicks managed to neutralize the General Assembly to avoid Maryland's secession from the Union, becoming a hero in the eyes of the Unionists in the state. Meanwhile, pro-Confederate gangs  burned the bridges connecting Baltimore and Washington to the North, and cut the telegraph lines.  Lincoln sent in federal troops under Gen. [[Ben Butler]]; they seized the city, imposed  martial law, and arrested leading Confederate spokesmen. The prisoners were later released and the rail lines reopened, making Baltimore a major Union base during the war.

===Gilded Age ===

===Gilded Age ===

* Durr, Kenneth D. ''Behind the Backlash: White Working Class Politics in Baltimore, 1940-1980'' (2003)  [http://www.questia.com/read/106480718?title=Behind%20the%20Backlash%3a%20%20White%20Working-Class%20Politics%20in%20Baltimore%2c%201940-1980 online edition]

* Durr, Kenneth D. ''Behind the Backlash: White Working Class Politics in Baltimore, 1940-1980'' (2003)  [http://www.questia.com/read/106480718?title=Behind%20the%20Backlash%3a%20%20White%20Working-Class%20Politics%20in%20Baltimore%2c%201940-1980 online edition]

* Elfenbein, Jessica I.''The Making of a Modern City: Philanthropy, Civic Culture, and the Baltimore YMCA'' (2001) 192 pp.

* Elfenbein, Jessica I.''The Making of a Modern City: Philanthropy, Civic Culture, and the Baltimore YMCA'' (2001) 192 pp.

* Fee, Elizabeth, et al. eds. ''The Baltimore Book: New Views of Local History'' (1991). 256 pp. guide to the history and culture of working class neighborhoods; strong left bias

* Fee, Elizabeth, et al. eds. ''The Baltimore Book: New Views of Local History'' (1991). 256 pp. guide to the history and culture of working-class neighborhoods; strong left bias

* Hayward, Mary Ellen and Shivers, Frank R., Jr., eds. ''The Architecture of Baltimore: An Illustrated History'' (2004). 408 pp.

* Hayward, Mary Ellen and Shivers, Frank R., Jr., eds. ''The Architecture of Baltimore: An Illustrated History'' (2004). 408 pp.

* Olson, Sherry H. ''Baltimore: The Building of an American City'' (1980). 432 pp. a fact (and picture) filled history

* Olson, Sherry H. ''Baltimore: The Building of an American City'' (1980). 432 pp. a fact (and picture) filled history