Changes

[[Image:600px-Albert Einstein Head.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|

[[Image:600px-Albert Einstein Head.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|

"I do not share the crusading spirit of the professional [[Atheism|atheist]] whose fervor is mostly due to a painful act of liberation from the fetters of religious indoctrination received in youth. I prefer an attitude of humility corresponding to the weakness of our intellectual understanding of nature and of our own being." - Albert Einstein<ref name="Isaacson390">Isaacson, Walter (2008). [http://books.google.com/books?id=cdxWNE7NY6QC&pg=PT390 ''Einstein: His Life and Universe''] (New York: Simon and Schuster), p. 390.  Retrieved from GoogleBooks archive on February 19, 2015.</ref>]]

"I do not share the crusading spirit of the professional [[Atheism|atheist]] whose fervor is mostly due to a painful act of liberation from the fetters of religious indoctrination received in youth. I prefer an attitude of humility corresponding to the weakness of our intellectual understanding of nature and of our own being." - Albert Einstein<ref name="Isaacson390">Isaacson, Walter (2008). [http://books.google.com/books?id=cdxWNE7NY6QC&pg=PT390 ''Einstein: His Life and Universe''] (New York: Simon and Schuster), p. 390.  Retrieved from GoogleBooks archive on February 19, 2015.</ref>]]

'''Albert Einstein''' (1879-1955) was the most famous [[physicist]] of the 20th century, who however self-described himself to be “more of a [[philosopher]] than a physicist”.<ref name="Capria">{{cite book |author=Marco M. Capria, Aubert Daigneaut et al. |title=Physics Before and After Einstein |publisher=IOS Press |year=2005 |chapter=1. Albert Einstein: A Portrait |pages=12|isbn=1-58603-462-6 |url=www.dmi.unipg.it/~mamone/pubb/PBAE.pdf |quote=To his collaborator Leopold Infeld he said: “I am really more of a philosopher than a physicist” [17, p. 258].}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|[[Richard Feynman]] observed that "The philosophers are always on the outside making stupid remarks."<ref name="Devils">{{Cite book

'''Albert Einstein''' (1879-1955) was the most famous [[physicist]] of the 20th century, who however self-described himself to be “more of a [[philosopher]] than a physicist”.<ref name="Capria">{{cite book |author=Marco M. Capria, Aubert Daigneaut et al. |title=Physics Before and After Einstein |publisher=IOS Press |year=2005 |chapter=1. Albert Einstein: A Portrait |pages=12|isbn=1-58603-462-6 |url=http://www.dmi.unipg.it/~mamone/pubb/PBAE.pdf |quote=To his collaborator Leopold Infeld he said: “I am really more of a philosopher than a physicist” [17, p. 258].}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|[[Richard Feynman]] observed that "The philosophers are always on the outside making stupid remarks."<ref name="Devils">{{Cite book

| author = David Berlinski

| author = David Berlinski

| title = The Devil’s Delusion

| title = The Devil’s Delusion

|chapter = 3. Horses do not fly

|chapter = 3. Horses do not fly

| url=http://www.davidberlinski.org/devils-delusion/about.php

| url=http://www.davidberlinski.org/devils-delusion/about.php

| quote = }}</ref>|group=note}}  He was born in Ulm, in Württemberg, [[Germany]] in a [[Judaism|Jewish]] family. During his stay at the [[Switzerland|Swiss]] [[Patent and Trademark Office|Patent Office]] Einstein produced much of his remarkable work. In 1905 he obtained his [[Doctor|doctor's degree]]. He won the [[Nobel Prize]] for his work on the [[photoelectric effect]] in 1921.<ref>[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/ "The Nobel Prize in Physics, 1921"] (2014).  Nobelprize.org.  Retrieved on January 23, 2015.</ref> Einstein [[Immigration|immigrated]] to the [[United States of America|United States]] in the late 1930s to take the position of Professor of Theoretical Physics at [[Princeton University|Princeton]]; upon the urging of a colleague in physics, recommended that [[President of the United States of America|President]] [[Franklin Roosevelt|Franklin D. Roosevelt]] develop an [[atomic bomb]] project. <ref>Einstein, Albert (August 2, 1939).  [http://www.dannen.com/ae-fdr.html "Letter to F. D. Roosevelt, President of the United States"].  www.dannen.com.  Retrieved from "Leo Szilard Online:  Einstein's Letter to Roosevelt, August 2, 1939" on January 23, 2015.</ref> He later regretted this and became a passionate [[Pacifism|pacifist]].  In 1952, he was offered the Presidency of [[Israel]], but he turned it down. Einstein collaborated with Dr. Chaim Weizmann in establishing the [[Hebrew]] [[University]] of [[Jerusalem]]. Albert Einstein died on April 18, 1955 at Princeton, [[New Jersey]] at the age of 76.

| quote = }}</ref>|group=note}}  He was born in Ulm, in Württemberg, [[Germany]] in a [[Judaism|Jewish]] family. During his stay at the [[Switzerland|Swiss]] [[Patent and Trademark Office|Patent Office]] Einstein produced much of his remarkable work. In 1905 he obtained his [[Doctor|doctor's degree]]. He won the [[Nobel Prize]] for his work on the [[photoelectric effect]] in 1921.<ref>[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/ "The Nobel Prize in Physics, 1921"] (2014).  Nobelprize.org.  Retrieved on January 23, 2015.</ref> Einstein [[Immigration|immigrated]] to the [[United States of America|United States]] in the late 1930s to take the position of Professor of Theoretical Physics at [[Princeton University|Princeton]]; upon the urging of a colleague in physics, recommended that [[President of the United States of America|President]] [[Franklin Roosevelt|Franklin D. Roosevelt]] develop an [[atomic bomb]] project.<ref>Einstein, Albert (August 2, 1939).  [http://www.dannen.com/ae-fdr.html "Letter to F. D. Roosevelt, President of the United States"].  www.dannen.com.  Retrieved from "Leo Szilard Online:  Einstein's Letter to Roosevelt, August 2, 1939" on January 23, 2015.</ref> He later regretted this and became a passionate [[Pacifism|pacifist]].  In 1952, he was offered the Presidency of [[Israel]], but he turned it down. Einstein collaborated with Dr. Chaim Weizmann in establishing the [[Hebrew]] [[University]] of [[Jerusalem]]. Albert Einstein died on April 18, 1955 at Princeton, [[New Jersey]] at the age of 76.

==Anecdotes==

==Anecdotes==

*In 1898, young Albert Einstein applied for admission to the Munich Technical Institute and was turned down. The young man, the Institute declared, "showed no promise" as a student. By 1905, he published his explanation of the special [[theory of relativity]]. <ref name=anec>[http://web.archive.org/web/20031205122227/http://oaks.nvg.org/sa5ra17.html "Albert Einstein anecdotes"] (2003).  Windsor Castle.  Retrieved from December 5, 2003 archive at Internet Archive on January 23, 2015.</ref>

*In 1898, young Albert Einstein applied for admission to the Munich Technical Institute and was turned down. The young man, the Institute declared, "showed no promise" as a student. By 1905, he published his explanation of the special [[theory of relativity]].<ref name=anec>[http://web.archive.org/web/20031205122227/http://oaks.nvg.org/sa5ra17.html "Albert Einstein anecdotes"] (2003).  Windsor Castle.  Retrieved from December 5, 2003 archive at Internet Archive on January 23, 2015.</ref>

*Einstein came to Princeton University in 1935 and was asked what he would require for his study. he replied: "A desk, some pads and a pencil, and a large wastebasket to hold all of my mistakes." <ref name=anec/>

*Einstein came to Princeton University in 1935 and was asked what he would require for his study. he replied: "A desk, some pads and a pencil, and a large wastebasket to hold all of my mistakes." <ref name=anec/>

*The sculptor Jacob Epstein tells this story:

*The sculptor Jacob Epstein tells this story:

Einstein then wrote a series of papers applying relativity to gravity using the mathematics of Riemannian Geometry, contributing to [[General Relativity]]. Much of the actual mathematics of general relativity was worked out by Marcel Grossman, [[David Hilbert]], and others. Einstein's main contribution was to give an alternate derivation of the field equations, and to apply them to explain an [[anomaly]] in the advance of the perihelion in Mercury's orbit.

Einstein then wrote a series of papers applying relativity to gravity using the mathematics of Riemannian Geometry, contributing to [[General Relativity]]. Much of the actual mathematics of general relativity was worked out by Marcel Grossman, [[David Hilbert]], and others. Einstein's main contribution was to give an alternate derivation of the field equations, and to apply them to explain an [[anomaly]] in the advance of the perihelion in Mercury's orbit.

[[Arthur Eddington]] popularized General Relativity by publishing an explanation of it and by attempting to prove the theory experimentally in a dramatic test.  Eddington embarked on a highly publicized trip into the Atlantic Ocean off Africa in order to observe the bending of [[star]]light passing nearby the [[Sun]] during the total [[solar eclipse]] of May 29, 1919.  Eddington returned with a declaration that he had proven Einstein's theory of [[General Relativity]], making Einstein extremely famous<ref>Lightman, Alan (September 9, 1997).  [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/einstein/relativity/ "Relativity and the cosmos"].  PBS.org/WGBH/Nova.  Retrieved on January 24, 2015.  "On November 8, 1919, for example, the ''London Times'' had an article headlined: 'The Revolution In Science/Einstein Versus Newton.' Two days later, ''The New York Times''' headlines read: 'Lights All Askew In The Heavens/Men Of Science More Or Less Agog Over Results Of Eclipse Observations/Einstein Theory Triumphs.'"</ref>, when in fact he had selectively used data to attain this result.  No Nobel Prize was given for relativity.

[[Arthur Eddington]] popularized General Relativity by publishing an explanation of it and by attempting to prove the theory experimentally in a dramatic test.  Eddington embarked on a highly publicized trip into the Atlantic Ocean off Africa in order to observe the bending of [[star]]light passing nearby the [[Sun]] during the total [[solar eclipse]] of May 29, 1919.  Eddington returned with a declaration that he had proven Einstein's theory of General Relativity, making Einstein extremely famous,<ref>Lightman, Alan (September 9, 1997).  [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/einstein/relativity/ "Relativity and the cosmos"].  PBS.org/WGBH/Nova.  Retrieved on January 24, 2015.  "On November 8, 1919, for example, the ''London Times'' had an article headlined: 'The Revolution In Science/Einstein Versus Newton.' Two days later, ''The New York Times''' headlines read: 'Lights All Askew In The Heavens/Men Of Science More Or Less Agog Over Results Of Eclipse Observations/Einstein Theory Triumphs.'"</ref> when in fact he had selectively used data to attain this result.  No Nobel Prize was given for relativity.

In April 2004, NASA launched the satellite "Gravity Probe B" to test the ''geodetic precession'' and ''frame dragging'' effects of general relativity.  The successful result of this test was announced on May 4, 2011<ref>http://prl.aps.org/accepted/L/ea070Y8dQ491d22a28828c95f660a57ac82e7d8c0</ref><ref>http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/306430</ref><ref>http://www.nap.edu/html/gpb/summary.html</ref><ref>http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/73870/title/Gravity_Probe_B_finally_pays_off_</ref><ref>http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/gpb/</ref><ref>http://einstein.stanford.edu/</ref><ref>http://spectrum.ieee.org/aerospace/space-flight/the-gravity-probe-b-bailout</ref><ref>http://www.engadget.com/2011/05/06/nasa-concludes-gravity-probe-b-space-time-experiment-proves-e/</ref>.

In April 2004, NASA launched the satellite "Gravity Probe B" to test the ''geodetic precession'' and ''frame dragging'' effects of general relativity.  The successful result of this test was announced on May 4, 2011.<ref>http://prl.aps.org/accepted/L/ea070Y8dQ491d22a28828c95f660a57ac82e7d8c0</ref><ref>http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/306430</ref><ref>http://www.nap.edu/html/gpb/summary.html</ref><ref>http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/73870/title/Gravity_Probe_B_finally_pays_off_</ref><ref>http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/gpb/</ref><ref>http://einstein.stanford.edu/</ref><ref>http://spectrum.ieee.org/aerospace/space-flight/the-gravity-probe-b-bailout</ref><ref>http://www.engadget.com/2011/05/06/nasa-concludes-gravity-probe-b-space-time-experiment-proves-e/</ref>

Einstein compared the effects of large objects on space and time to the way that a large ball placed on a sheet of rubber stretches the material and causes it to sag, and drew the analogy with the way stars and planets warp space-time. A smaller ball rolling along the sagging fabric will be drawn towards the larger ball, in the same way that the Earth is drawn towards the sun, but will not fall into it as long as it continues to move at sufficient speed. This was a change in thinking from the Newtonian cosmos, in which gravity was viewed purely as an attractive force between bodies.

Einstein compared the effects of large objects on space and time to the way that a large ball placed on a sheet of rubber stretches the material and causes it to sag, and drew the analogy with the way stars and planets warp space-time. A smaller ball rolling along the sagging fabric will be drawn towards the larger ball, in the same way that the Earth is drawn towards the sun, but will not fall into it as long as it continues to move at sufficient speed. This was a change in thinking from the Newtonian cosmos, in which gravity was viewed purely as an attractive force between bodies.

===Cosmological Constant===

===Cosmological Constant===

''Main article:''[[Cosmological constant]]

{{Main|Cosmological constant}}

Einstein revised his work on [[General Relativity]] to include a 'fudge-factor' which he termed the "cosmological constant". He was trying to account for the apparent steady-state nature of the universe.

Einstein revised his work on General Relativity to include a 'fudge-factor' which he termed the "cosmological constant". He was trying to account for the apparent steady-state nature of the universe.

One doesn't need to understand relativity to get a rough idea of the problem.  Suppose the universe consists of a number of galaxies scattered about, and that they have been scattered about in this way forever.  Gravity would make them attract each other, and they would ''very slowly'' move toward each other.  That is, they would "fall".  The speed of this would be extremely tiny, but if the universe were truly eternal, that is, it had been this way ''forever'', they wouldn't still be scattered.  What is needed is a fudge factor saying that there is a tiny gravitational repulsion to go along with the much larger and better-known inverse-square attraction.  The repulsion force would be ''extremely tiny'' because the galaxies are far away, but it would have to be there.  In the general relativity formulation of gravity, this takes the form of the cosmological constant appearing in the field equations of GR.

One doesn't need to understand relativity to get a rough idea of the problem.  Suppose the universe consists of a number of galaxies scattered about, and that they have been scattered about in this way forever.  Gravity would make them attract each other, and they would ''very slowly'' move toward each other.  That is, they would "fall".  The speed of this would be extremely tiny, but if the universe were truly eternal, that is, it had been this way ''forever'', they wouldn't still be scattered.  What is needed is a fudge factor saying that there is a tiny gravitational repulsion to go along with the much larger and better-known inverse-square attraction.  The repulsion force would be ''extremely tiny'' because the galaxies are far away, but it would have to be there.  In the general relativity formulation of gravity, this takes the form of the cosmological constant appearing in the field equations of GR.

He later said of his Cosmological Constant, "It was the biggest blunder of my life."

He later said of his Cosmological Constant, "It was the biggest blunder of my life."

An interesting end-note on this term: Principal investigators from [[Princeton University]] first published findings in 1998 apparently revealing an accelerating expansion for the universe<ref>[http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/m_mm.html "WMAP produces new results"] (2013).  NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center/Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe website.  Retrieved on January 25, 2015.</ref>. Because this initially seemed like it might be a sort of 'anti-gravity' effect (similar in concept to Einstein's original notion), it briefly became quite popular for scientists to dub the phenomenon the 'Cosmological constant' as well.  For more information, see: [[Dark Energy]].

An interesting end-note on this term: Principal investigators from [[Princeton University]] first published findings in 1998 apparently revealing an accelerating expansion for the universe.<ref>[http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/m_mm.html "WMAP produces new results"] (2013).  NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center/Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe website.  Retrieved on January 25, 2015.</ref> Because this initially seemed like it might be a sort of 'anti-gravity' effect (similar in concept to Einstein's original notion), it briefly became quite popular for scientists to dub the phenomenon the 'Cosmological constant' as well.  For more information, see: [[Dark Energy]].

== Writings ==

== Writings ==

He won the Nobel Prize in 1921 for his work on the photoelectric effect.

He won the Nobel Prize in 1921 for his work on the photoelectric effect.

*"It strikes me as unfair, and even in bad taste, to select a few individuals for boundless admiration, attributing superhuman powers of mind and character to them. This has been my fate, and the contrast between the popular assessment of my powers and achievements and the reality is simply grotesque." <ref name="Mallove">Mallove, Eugene F., Sc. D. (July-August 2001).  [http://www.infinite-energy.com/iemagazine/issue38/einstein.html "The Einstein myths—of space, time and aether"].  ''Infinite Energy Magazine'', iss. 38.  Retrieved from Infinite Energy website on January 25, 2015.</ref>

*"It strikes me as unfair, and even in bad taste, to select a few individuals for boundless admiration, attributing superhuman powers of mind and character to them. This has been my fate, and the contrast between the popular assessment of my powers and achievements and the reality is simply grotesque." <ref name="Mallove">Mallove, Eugene F., Sc. D. (July–August 2001).  [http://www.infinite-energy.com/iemagazine/issue38/einstein.html "The Einstein myths—of space, time and aether"].  ''Infinite Energy Magazine'', iss. 38.  Retrieved from Infinite Energy website on January 25, 2015.</ref>

Einstein told a friend in 1930, "To punish me for my contempt of authority, Fate has made me an authority myself." <ref name="Mallove"/>

Einstein told a friend in 1930, "To punish me for my contempt of authority, Fate has made me an authority myself." <ref name="Mallove"/>

He gained the Copley Medal of the [[Royal Society]] of London in 1925 and the Franklin Medal of the Franklin Institute in 1935.

He gained the Copley Medal of the [[Royal Society]] of London in 1925 and the Franklin Medal of the Franklin Institute in 1935.

Einstein was offered the presidency of Israel in 1952 <ref>Küpper, Hans-Josef (2004 or bef.).  [http://www.einstein-website.de/z_information/variousthings.html#president "President of the State of Israel"].  Albert Einstein in the world wide web.  Retrieved on January 25, 2015.</ref> but respectfully declined, stating he believed his life-long study of objective matters made him an inappropriate candidate for a position in politics; he was also strongly opposed to nationalism.  

Einstein was offered the presidency of Israel in 1952 <ref>Küpper, Hans-Josef (2004 or bef.).  [http://www.einstein-website.de/z_information/variousthings.html#president "President of the State of Israel"].  Albert Einstein in the world wide web.  Retrieved on January 25, 2015.</ref> but respectfully declined, stating he believed his lifelong study of objective matters made him an inappropriate candidate for a position in politics; he was also strongly opposed to nationalism.  

In 1999, he was named "Person of the Century" by [[Time Magazine|''Time'' magazine]].

In 1999, he was named "Person of the Century" by [[Time Magazine|''Time'' magazine]].

==Einstein and the A-bomb==

==Einstein and the A-bomb==

In 1939 research done by several leading scientists including [[Enrico Fermi]] regarding chain reactions of nuclear fission prompted [[Leo Szilard]] to persuade Einstein to write a letter to [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|President Roosevelt]] <ref>Einstein, Albert (August 2, 1939). [http://hypertextbook.com/eworld/einstein.shtml "Letter to F. D. Roosevelt, President of the United States"].  Hypertextbook/E-World.  Retrieved on January 25, 2015. </ref>, to warn the President about the possibility of nuclear weapons and that Nazi [[Germany]] had already taken an interest in this technology.

In 1939 research done by several leading scientists including [[Enrico Fermi]] regarding chain reactions of nuclear fission prompted [[Leo Szilard]] to persuade Einstein to write a letter to [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|President Roosevelt]],<ref>Einstein, Albert (August 2, 1939). [http://hypertextbook.com/eworld/einstein.shtml "Letter to F. D. Roosevelt, President of the United States"].  Hypertextbook/E-World.  Retrieved on January 25, 2015.</ref> to warn the President about the possibility of nuclear weapons and that Nazi [[Germany]] had already taken an interest in this technology.

Einstein himself had never been involved in the [[Manhattan project]]. He was considered a security risk, as he was a member, sponsor, or affiliated with thirty-four communist fronts between 1937 and 1954.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20040810044240/http://foia.fbi.gov/foiaindex/einstein.htm "Albert Einstein"] (2004).  Federal Bureau of Investigation website.  Retrieved from August 10, 2004 archive at Internet Archive on January 25, 2015.</ref> Later he condemned the use of nuclear weapons.

Einstein himself had never been involved in the [[Manhattan project]]. He was considered a security risk, as he was a member, sponsor, or affiliated with thirty-four communist fronts between 1937 and 1954.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20040810044240/http://foia.fbi.gov/foiaindex/einstein.htm "Albert Einstein"] (2004).  Federal Bureau of Investigation website.  Retrieved from August 10, 2004 archive at Internet Archive on January 25, 2015.</ref> Later he condemned the use of nuclear weapons.

==Controversy surrounding his death==

==Controversy surrounding his death==

Dr. Thomas Stoltz Harvey, then a pathologist, performed the autopsy on Einstein in the [[Princeton Medical Center]] several hours after his death.  Upon completion, Dr. Harvey removed the brain and eyes <ref>[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4602913 "The long strange journey of Einstein's brain"] (April 18, 2005).  Review and excerpt from Burrell, Brian (2005), ''Postcards from the Brain Museum''.  National Public Radio website.    Retrieved on January 25, 2015.</ref>. There is controversy about whether or not Harvey had consent from the Einstein family to remove the brain and keep it, though letters from Otto Nathan, executor of the Einstein estate, suggest that Harvey did indeed have permission to keep the brain, as long as research performed on it was only described in scientific journals.

Dr. Thomas Stoltz Harvey, then a pathologist, performed the autopsy on Einstein in the [[Princeton Medical Center]] several hours after his death.  Upon completion, Dr. Harvey removed the brain and eyes.<ref>[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4602913 "The long strange journey of Einstein's brain"] (April 18, 2005).  Review and excerpt from Burrell, Brian (2005), ''Postcards from the Brain Museum''.  National Public Radio website.    Retrieved on January 25, 2015.</ref>  There is controversy about whether or not Harvey had consent from the Einstein family to remove the brain and keep it, though letters from Otto Nathan, executor of the Einstein estate, suggest that Harvey did indeed have permission to keep the brain, as long as research performed on it was only described in scientific journals.

The brain was photographed and sliced into 240 pieces in order to be preserved and further studied.  Harvey hoped some uniqueness would be discovered that distinguished Einstein's brain as "genius".  

The brain was photographed and sliced into 240 pieces in order to be preserved and further studied.  Harvey hoped some uniqueness would be discovered that distinguished Einstein's brain as "genius".  

Although he sent pieces away for further study, the bulk of the brain remained with Harvey for over 40 years. His once-ambitious plans for doing research on Einstein's brain were never actualized, though there were at least two controversial studies performed which suggested a physical reason for Einstein's intelligence. In 1996 Harvey entrusted Elliot Krauss, chief [[pathologist]] at the Princeton Medical Center, with the brain. The brain now sits in a secret location, possibly only a few feet away from where it was first removed from Einstein's head. Krauss loans out pieces of the brain for scientific research, but he is very discriminating in deciding who shall receive a piece. <ref>Abraham, Carolyn (2001). ''Possessing Genius'' (U.K.: Icon Books), 2005 edition.</ref>

Although he sent pieces away for further study, the bulk of the brain remained with Harvey for over 40 years. His once-ambitious plans for doing research on Einstein's brain were never actualized, though there were at least two controversial studies performed which suggested a physical reason for Einstein's intelligence. In 1996 Harvey entrusted Elliot Krauss, chief [[pathologist]] at the Princeton Medical Center, with the brain. The brain now sits in a secret location, possibly only a few feet away from where it was first removed from Einstein's head. Krauss loans out pieces of the brain for scientific research, but he is very discriminating in deciding who shall receive a piece.<ref>Abraham, Carolyn (2001). ''Possessing Genius'' (U.K.: Icon Books), 2005 edition.</ref>

==Religious views==

==Religious views==

Einstein also said  

Einstein also said  

<blockquote>

<blockquote>

"In view of such harmony in the cosmos which I, with my limited human mind, am able to recognize, there are yet people who say there is no God.  But what makes me really angry is that they quote me for support of such views."<ref name=Jammer>Jammer, Max (1999). ''Einstein and Religion'' (Princeton, NJ:  Princeton University Press).</ref>,

"In view of such harmony in the cosmos which I, with my limited human mind, am able to recognize, there are yet people who say there is no God.  But what makes me really angry is that they quote me for support of such views.",<ref name=Jammer>Jammer, Max (1999). ''Einstein and Religion'' (Princeton, NJ:  Princeton University Press).</ref>

</blockquote>

</blockquote>

<blockquote>

<blockquote>

Einstein did not view fellow Jews as co-religionists, but as tribal companions.

Einstein did not view fellow Jews as co-religionists, but as tribal companions.

Einstein was made an honorary citizen of [[Tel Aviv]] during his visit in 1923.

Einstein was made an honorary citizen of [[Tel Aviv]] during his visit in 1923.

In 1952, Einstein was offered the position of president of Israel by the 1st prime minster of [[Israel]] David Ben-Gurion, but declined the offer.  Before his death in 1955, Einstein wrote to the Zionist leader Kurt Blumenfeld:

In 1952, Einstein was offered the position of president of Israel by the 1st prime minister of [[Israel]] David Ben-Gurion, but declined the offer.  Before his death in 1955, Einstein wrote to the Zionist leader Kurt Blumenfeld:

<blockquote>

<blockquote>

"I thank you, even at this late hour, for having made me conscious of the Jewish soul."

"I thank you, even at this late hour, for having made me conscious of the Jewish soul."

Einstein always expressed his anti-war views and staunchly opposed nationalism:

Einstein always expressed his anti-war views and staunchly opposed nationalism:

<i>"He who joyfully marches to rank and file, has already earned my contempt. He has been given a large brain by mistake, since for him the spinal cord would surely suffice. This disgrace to civilization should be done away with at once. Heroism on command, how violently I hate all this, how despicable and ignoble war is; I would rather be torn to shreds than be a part of so a base of action. It is my conviction that killing under the cloak of war is nothing but an act of murder."</i>

''"He who joyfully marches to rank and file, has already earned my contempt. He has been given a large brain by mistake, since for him the spinal cord would surely suffice. This disgrace to civilization should be done away with at once. Heroism on command, how violently I hate all this, how despicable and ignoble war is; I would rather be torn to shreds than be a part of so a base of action. It is my conviction that killing under the cloak of war is nothing but an act of murder."''

==Einstein on Germany and the rise of Hitler==

==Einstein on Germany and the rise of Hitler==

</blockquote>

</blockquote>

== Unsupported attributions ==  

== Unsupported attributions ==

* Many ideas and quotes are falsely attributed to Einstein. He did not invent very much of we now call [[special relativity]]. The Principle of Relativity, that the law of physics should be the same in all inertial frames, had already been published before Einstein.<ref>Logunov, A. A. (2005).  [http://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0408077 ''Henry Poincaré and Relativity Theory''].  Retrieved from Cornell University arXiv.org archive on January 28, 2015.</ref> He did not discover the [[Lorentz transformation]], or the Lorentz invariance of [[Maxwell's Equations]] for electromagnetism.<ref>Macrossan, Michael N. (1986) [http://eprint.uq.edu.au/archive/00002307/ "A note on relativity before Einstein"].  ''British Journal for the Philosophy of Science'', vol. 37, no. 2:, pp. 232-234.  Retrieved from University of Queensland [Australia]/UQ eSpace archive on January 28, 2015.</ref> He was not the first to propose that the [[speed of light]] is constant for all observers, or that "[[the aether]]" is superfluous and not observable.<ref>Rothman, Tony (March-April 2006).  [http://web.archive.org/web/20070710071317/http://www.americanscientist.org/template/AssetDetail/assetid/49611/page/1?&print=yes "Lost in Einstein's shadow"].  ''American Scientist'', vol. 94, no. 2, p. 112.  Retrieved on January 28, 2015.</ref> He was not the first to recognize and explain how special relativity causes an ambiguity in defining simultaneity.<ref>Fric, Jacques (June 2003).  [http://www.everythingimportant.org/relativity/Poincare.htm "Henri Poincaré:  A decisive contribution to Special Relativity, the short story"].  www.everythingimportant.org.  Retrieved on January 28, 2015.</ref> He did not combine space and time into a four-dimensional [[spacetime]] in his special relativity papers until others had been doing it for a couple of years.

* Many ideas and quotes are falsely attributed to Einstein. He did not invent very much of we now call [[special relativity]]. The Principle of Relativity, that the law of physics should be the same in all inertial frames, had already been published before Einstein.<ref>Logunov, A. A. (2005).  [http://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0408077 ''Henry Poincaré and Relativity Theory''].  Retrieved from Cornell University arXiv.org archive on January 28, 2015.</ref> He did not discover the [[Lorentz transformation]], or the Lorentz invariance of [[Maxwell's Equations]] for electromagnetism.<ref>Macrossan, Michael N. (1986) [http://eprint.uq.edu.au/archive/00002307/ "A note on relativity before Einstein"].  ''British Journal for the Philosophy of Science'', vol. 37, no. 2:, pp. 232-234.  Retrieved from University of Queensland [Australia]/UQ eSpace archive on January 28, 2015.</ref> He was not the first to propose that the [[speed of light]] is constant for all observers, or that "[[the aether]]" is superfluous and not observable.<ref>Rothman, Tony (March–April 2006).  [http://web.archive.org/web/20070710071317/http://www.americanscientist.org/template/AssetDetail/assetid/49611/page/1?&print=yes "Lost in Einstein's shadow"].  ''American Scientist'', vol. 94, no. 2, p. 112.  Retrieved on January 28, 2015.</ref> He was not the first to recognize and explain how special relativity causes an ambiguity in defining simultaneity.<ref>Fric, Jacques (June 2003).  [http://www.everythingimportant.org/relativity/Poincare.htm "Henri Poincaré:  A decisive contribution to Special Relativity, the short story"].  www.everythingimportant.org.  Retrieved on January 28, 2015.</ref> He did not combine space and time into a four-dimensional [[spacetime]] in his special relativity papers until others had been doing it for a couple of years.

* Einstein did not invent the term "relativity theory", and did not even like the term. He called it the "so-called relativity theory" until 1911. Einstein did not banish the ether from Physics. In a 1920 lecture, he said, "More careful reflection teaches us, however, that the special theory of relativity does not compel us to deny æther."<ref>Quoted in Tipler, Frank J., astrophysicist of Tulane University (October 26, 2008). [http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1271310 "The Obama-Tribe 'Curvature of constitutional space' paper is crackpot physics"].  Social Science Research Network website.  Retrieved on January 31, 2015.</ref>

* Einstein did not invent the term "relativity theory", and did not even like the term. He called it the "so-called relativity theory" until 1911. Einstein did not banish the ether from Physics. In a 1920 lecture, he said, "More careful reflection teaches us, however, that the special theory of relativity does not compel us to deny æther."<ref>Quoted in Tipler, Frank J., astrophysicist of Tulane University (October 26, 2008). [http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1271310 "The Obama-Tribe 'Curvature of constitutional space' paper is crackpot physics"].  Social Science Research Network website.  Retrieved on January 31, 2015.</ref>

* The difference between stupidity and genius is that genius has its limits.<ref>Applewhite, Ashton, et al. (2003).  [http://books.google.com/books?id=H-GfO0jkBLsC&pg=PA146&dq=The+difference+between+stupidity+and+genius+is+that+genius+has+its+limits&ei=NtAaSsTZBZj2MJ2NyL8J ''And I Quote:  The Definitive Collection of Quotes, Sayings, and Jokes for the Contemporary Speechmaker''] (New York:  St. Martin's), rev. ed., p. 146.  Retrieved from GoogleBooks on February 2, 2015.</ref>

* The difference between stupidity and genius is that genius has its limits.<ref>Applewhite, Ashton, et al. (2003).  [http://books.google.com/books?id=H-GfO0jkBLsC&pg=PA146&dq=The+difference+between+stupidity+and+genius+is+that+genius+has+its+limits&ei=NtAaSsTZBZj2MJ2NyL8J ''And I Quote:  The Definitive Collection of Quotes, Sayings, and Jokes for the Contemporary Speechmaker''] (New York:  St. Martin's), rev. ed., p. 146.  Retrieved from GoogleBooks on February 2, 2015.</ref>

* Learn from yesterday, live for today, hope for tomorrow. The important thing is not to stop questioning. <ref>Darbellay, Frédéric et al. (2008).  [http://books.google.com/books?id=MbC45UX_4gMC&pg=PT19&dq=Learn+from+yesterday,+live+for+today,+hope+for+tomorrow.+The+important+thing+is+not+to+stop+questioning.&ei=Mdk-SormHozayQT1-uS-AQ ''A Vision of Transdisciplinarity: Laying Foundations for a World Knowledge Dialogue''] (Boca Raton, FL:  CRC Press), p. xix.  Retrived from GoogleBooks on February 2, 2015.</ref>

* Learn from yesterday, live for today, hope for tomorrow. The important thing is not to stop questioning.<ref>Darbellay, Frédéric et al. (2008).  [http://books.google.com/books?id=MbC45UX_4gMC&pg=PT19&dq=Learn+from+yesterday,+live+for+today,+hope+for+tomorrow.+The+important+thing+is+not+to+stop+questioning.&ei=Mdk-SormHozayQT1-uS-AQ ''A Vision of Transdisciplinarity: Laying Foundations for a World Knowledge Dialogue''] (Boca Raton, FL:  CRC Press), p. xix.  Retrived from GoogleBooks on February 2, 2015.</ref>

* "Whoever is careless with the truth in small matters cannot be trusted with important matters." <ref>Feld, Bernard T. (1979).  [http://books.google.com/books?id=CNuwE3NL1QgC&pg=PA388&dq=Whoever+is+careless+with+the+truth+in+small+matters+cannot+be+trusted+with+important+matters&ei=swRFSoSYM46yzASEy8Bc "Einstein and the Politics of Nuclear Weapons"].  ''Albert Einstein: Historical and Cultural Perspectives: The Centennial'' (1982), edited by Holton, Gerald James and Elkana, Yehuda (Princeton, NJ:  Princeton University Press), p. 388.  Retrieved from GoogleBooks on February 3, 2015.</ref>

* "Whoever is careless with the truth in small matters cannot be trusted with important matters." <ref>Feld, Bernard T. (1979).  [http://books.google.com/books?id=CNuwE3NL1QgC&pg=PA388&dq=Whoever+is+careless+with+the+truth+in+small+matters+cannot+be+trusted+with+important+matters&ei=swRFSoSYM46yzASEy8Bc "Einstein and the Politics of Nuclear Weapons"].  ''Albert Einstein: Historical and Cultural Perspectives: The Centennial'' (1982), edited by Holton, Gerald James and Elkana, Yehuda (Princeton, NJ:  Princeton University Press), p. 388.  Retrieved from GoogleBooks on February 3, 2015.</ref>

*[http://www.relativitycalculator.com/E=mc2.shtml Relativity Science Calculator - e=mc² derivation]

*[http://www.relativitycalculator.com/E=mc2.shtml Relativity Science Calculator - e=mc² derivation]

*[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/ "The Nobel Prize in Physics, 1921"] (2014).  Nobelprize.org.

*[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/ "The Nobel Prize in Physics, 1921"] (2014).  Nobelprize.org.

*Einstein, Albert (June 30, 1905).  [http://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/einstein/specrel/specrel.pdf "On the electrodynamics of moving bodies"].  Translated in Perrett, Wilfred and Jeffery, George B. (1923), ''The Principle of Relativity:  A Collection of Original Memoirs on the Special and General Theory of Relativity'' (London:  Methuen), pp. 35-65.  Translation of ''Das Relativatsprinzip'' (1922, Leipzig [Germany]:  Teubner), 4th ed.  Retrieved from Fourmilab [Switzerland] website.

*Einstein, Albert (June 30, 1905).  [http://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/einstein/specrel/specrel.pdf "On the electrodynamics of moving bodies"].  Translated in Perrett, Wilfred and Jeffery, George B. (1923), ''The Principle of Relativity:  A Collection of Original Memoirs on the Special and General Theory of Relativity'' (London:  Methuen), pp.&nbsp;35–65.  Translation of ''Das Relativatsprinzip'' (1922, Leipzig [Germany]:  Teubner), 4th ed.  Retrieved from Fourmilab [Switzerland] website.

*Einstein, Albert (September 27, 1905).  [http://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/einstein/E_mc2/e_mc2.pdf "Does the inertia of a body depend on its energy-content?"].  Translated in Perrett, Wilfrid and Jeffery, George B. (1923), ''The Principle of Relativity'' (London: Methuen), pp. 67-71.  Translation of ''Das Relativatsprinzip'' (1922, Leipzig [Germany]:  Teubner), 4th ed.  Retrieved from Fourmilab [Switzerland] website.

*Einstein, Albert (September 27, 1905).  [http://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/einstein/E_mc2/e_mc2.pdf "Does the inertia of a body depend on its energy-content?"].  Translated in Perrett, Wilfrid and Jeffery, George B. (1923), ''The Principle of Relativity'' (London: Methuen), pp.&nbsp;67–71.  Translation of ''Das Relativatsprinzip'' (1922, Leipzig [Germany]:  Teubner), 4th ed.  Retrieved from Fourmilab [Switzerland] website.

*Paterniti, Michael (2000).  ''Driving Mr. Albert: A Trip Across America With Einstein's Brain'' (New York, NY:  Random House).

*Paterniti, Michael (2000).  ''Driving Mr. Albert: A Trip Across America With Einstein's Brain'' (New York, NY:  Random House).

*"Collected Quotes from Albert Einstein" [http://rescomp.stanford.edu/~cheshire/EinsteinQuotes.html]

*"Collected Quotes from Albert Einstein" [http://rescomp.stanford.edu/~cheshire/EinsteinQuotes.html]