Changes

==Europe==

==Europe==

[[Image:Spaghettieaters.jpg|thumb|right|300px|An Italian family eating spaghetti]]

[[Image:Spaghettieaters.jpg|thumb|right|300px|An Italian family eating spaghetti]]

Until the 20th century, the peasants and the poor of Europe ate mostly bread (or pasta), supplemented by vegetables and fish. Meat was reserved for special occasions. English peasants in the medieval period experienced seasonal fluctuation in the availability of food, but extreme scarcity and widespread mortality was rare except for the early fourteenth century, especially during the great famine of 1315-1318. However by 1400 portions of meat, fish, and ale increased; roasting and frying started to replace the traditional cooking technique of boiling; and agricultural prosperity in England ushered in an era of cheap and plentiful food.  By the twentieth century, per capita consumption of bread had dropped off precipitously due to social and economic modernization and the availability of a wider choice of foods.  

Until the 20th century, the peasants and the poor of Europe ate mostly bread (or pasta), supplemented by vegetables and fish. Meat was reserved for special occasions. English peasants in the medieval period experienced seasonal fluctuation in the availability of food, but extreme scarcity and widespread mortality was rare except for the early fourteenth century, especially during the great famine of 1315-1318. However, by 1400 portions of meat, fish, and ale increased; roasting and frying started to replace the traditional cooking technique of boiling; and agricultural prosperity in England ushered in an era of cheap and plentiful food.  By the twentieth century, per capita consumption of bread had dropped off precipitously due to social and economic modernization and the availability of a wider choice of foods.  

===World War I===

===World War I===

The British blockade cut off regular food shipments to [[Germany]], and hunger grew serious, especially in the "turnip winter" of 1917-1918, when people were reduced to turnips meant for horses. At the end of the war there were severe food shortages and famines in Eastern Europe.<ref>Blunt (1918)</ref>  

The British blockade cut off regular food shipments to [[Germany]], and hunger grew serious, especially in the "turnip winter" of 1917-1918, when people were reduced to turnips meant for horses. At the end of the war there were severe food shortages and famines in Eastern Europe.<ref>Blunt (1918)</ref>  

* Ashkenazi, Michael and Jacob, Jeanne.  ''Food Culture in Japan.'' 2003. 207 pp.  [http://www.amazon.com/Food-Culture-Japan-around-World/dp/0313324387/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1198220890&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]

* Ashkenazi, Michael and Jacob, Jeanne.  ''Food Culture in Japan.'' 2003. 207 pp.  [http://www.amazon.com/Food-Culture-Japan-around-World/dp/0313324387/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1198220890&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]

* Civitello, Linda. ''Cuisine and Culture: A History of Food and People'' (2007) [http://www.amazon.com/Cuisine-Culture-History-Food-People/dp/0471741728/ref=pd_bbs_3?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1238903206&sr=8-3 excerpt and text search]

* Civitello, Linda. ''Cuisine and Culture: A History of Food and People'' (2007) [http://www.amazon.com/Cuisine-Culture-History-Food-People/dp/0471741728/ref=pd_bbs_3?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1238903206&sr=8-3 excerpt and text search]

* Davidson, Alan, et al, eds. ''The Oxford Companion to Food'' (2nd Ed 2006), 907 pages with 2,650 entries covering the world's foods, seasoning, cuisine, cooking methods, chefs, historical developments, and myths. [http://www.amazon.com/Oxford-Companion-Food-Alan-Davidson/dp/0192115790/ref=sr_1_1? ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1198221064&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]

* Davidson, Alan, et al., eds. ''The Oxford Companion to Food'' (2nd Ed 2006), 907 pages with 2,650 entries covering the world's foods, seasoning, cuisine, cooking methods, chefs, historical developments, and myths. [http://www.amazon.com/Oxford-Companion-Food-Alan-Davidson/dp/0192115790/ref=sr_1_1? ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1198221064&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]

* Federico, Giovanni.  ''Feeding the World: An Economic History of World Agriculture, 1800-2000.'' (2005). 388 pp.  [http://www.amazon.com/Feeding-World-Agriculture-1800-2000-Princeton/dp/069112051X/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1198211288&sr=1-2 excerpt and text search]

* Federico, Giovanni.  ''Feeding the World: An Economic History of World Agriculture, 1800-2000.'' (2005). 388 pp.  [http://www.amazon.com/Feeding-World-Agriculture-1800-2000-Princeton/dp/069112051X/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1198211288&sr=1-2 excerpt and text search]

* Fernández-Armesto, Felipe.  ''Near a Thousand Tables: A History of Food.'' Free Press, 2002. 258 pp.  [http://www.amazon.com/Near-Thousand-Tables-History-Food/dp/0743227409/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1198211234&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]

* Fernández-Armesto, Felipe.  ''Near a Thousand Tables: A History of Food.'' Free Press, 2002. 258 pp.  [http://www.amazon.com/Near-Thousand-Tables-History-Food/dp/0743227409/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1198211234&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]