Changes

The mobilization of the national economy during World War II was immediately followed by the ascendancy of the Labour Party from 1945 to 1951. The Labour platform of nationalization, planning, and creation of a welfare state was translated into the nationalization of national and local transport, coal, oil and gas, electricity generation and distribution, iron and steel, automotive industries, aerospace, air and sea ports, and many other less high profile industries such as sugar distribution, hotel chains and the then fledgling semiconductor industry in the mid to late 1970s.  

The mobilization of the national economy during World War II was immediately followed by the ascendancy of the Labour Party from 1945 to 1951. The Labour platform of nationalization, planning, and creation of a welfare state was translated into the nationalization of national and local transport, coal, oil and gas, electricity generation and distribution, iron and steel, automotive industries, aerospace, air and sea ports, and many other less high profile industries such as sugar distribution, hotel chains and the then fledgling semiconductor industry in the mid to late 1970s.  

This program led to stagnation and inefficiency in the economy that led to nationalized industries requiring greater and greater subsidies to stay in business, often despite the same sector in free-market countries booming at the same time. Such subsidies were sometimes disguised as market loans or investments. This inefficiency played a large part in the labour defeat, and the beginning of conservative rule and Margaret Thatchers reforms at the close of the 1970's.

This program led to stagnation and inefficiency in the economy that led to nationalized industries requiring greater and greater subsidies to stay in business, often despite the same sector in free-market countries booming at the same time. Such subsidies were sometimes disguised as market loans or investments. This inefficiency played a large part in the labour defeat, and the beginning of conservative rule and Margaret Thatchers reforms at the close of the 1970s.

===Nationalization===

===Nationalization===

In Eastern Europe, the Communist governments nationalized all the mines and factories after 1945.

In Eastern Europe, the Communist governments nationalized all the mines and factories after 1945.

[[West Germany]] did not nationalize industry after 1945, even though the Labour party in Britain favored it and Britain controlled much of the industrial region. The American military governor, General Lucius Clay, apart from a basic distaste for socialization, opposed nationalization of the coal mines and of other basic industries on pragmatic grounds. One german state, controlled by the Socialists (SPD) passed a bill in North Rhine-Westphalia in 1948 to nationalize basic industries. The occupation powers vetoed it, reserving the decision for a future German parliament. But it was not only the Americans who stopped socialization. There was no overwhelming German popular support for nationalization. During the federal election of 1949 Socialist advocates could not offer a concept which was able to secure a national majority for their ideas, because of fears that they would hinder recovery. The ability to meet this concern - "Recovery Now!" - is what made the neo-liberalism of Chancellor [[Konrad Adenauer]] and his economics minister [[Ludwig Erhard]] so appealing at the end of the forties.  

[[West Germany]] did not nationalize industry after 1945, even though the Labour party in Britain favored it and Britain controlled much of the industrial region. The American military governor, General Lucius Clay, apart from a basic distaste for socialization, opposed nationalization of the coal mines and of other basic industries on pragmatic grounds. One German state, controlled by the Socialists (SPD) passed a bill in North Rhine-Westphalia in 1948 to nationalize basic industries. The occupation powers vetoed it, reserving the decision for a future German parliament. But it was not only the Americans who stopped socialization. There was no overwhelming German popular support for nationalization. During the federal election of 1949 Socialist advocates could not offer a concept which was able to secure a national majority for their ideas, because of fears that they would hinder recovery. The ability to meet this concern - "Recovery Now!" - is what made the neo-liberalism of Chancellor [[Konrad Adenauer]] and his economics minister [[Ludwig Erhard]] so appealing at the end of the forties.  

Co-operation on coal trading was the impetus for forming the "European Coal and Steel Community" in 1951.  Integrationists like French foreign minister [[Robert Schuman]] realized that coordinating the coal and steel markets of Germany, France, Italy and the Low Countries  could lead to "spillover" in other policy areas; the ECSC indeed morphed into the [[EEC]] and [[European Union]].<ref>J. Gillingham, ''Coal, steel, and the rebirth of Europe, 1945-1955'' (1991); Derek W. Urwin, ''The Community of Europe: A History of European Integration since 1945.'' (1995)</ref>

Co-operation on coal trading was the impetus for forming the "European Coal and Steel Community" in 1951.  Integrationists like French foreign minister [[Robert Schuman]] realized that coordinating the coal and steel markets of Germany, France, Italy and the Low Countries  could lead to "spillover" in other policy areas; the ECSC indeed morphed into the [[EEC]] and [[European Union]].<ref>J. Gillingham, ''Coal, steel, and the rebirth of Europe, 1945-1955'' (1991); Derek W. Urwin, ''The Community of Europe: A History of European Integration since 1945.'' (1995)</ref>

* Millward, Robert. "The 1940s Nationalizations in Britain: Means to an End or the Means of Production?" ''Economic History Review'' 1997 50 (2): 209-234.  

* Millward, Robert. "The 1940s Nationalizations in Britain: Means to an End or the Means of Production?" ''Economic History Review'' 1997 50 (2): 209-234.  

* Millward, Robert and Singleton, John, eds. ''The Political Economy of Nationalisation in Britain, 1920-1950.'' (1995). 325 pp.

* Millward, Robert and Singleton, John, eds. ''The Political Economy of Nationalisation in Britain, 1920-1950.'' (1995). 325 pp.

* Webster, Charles. ''The Health Services since the War. Vol. 1: Problems of Health Care: The National Health Service before 1957'' (1988), on nationalizing medicine in britain

* Webster, Charles. ''The Health Services since the War. Vol. 1: Problems of Health Care: The National Health Service before 1957'' (1988), on nationalizing medicine in Britain

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