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==The Resolutions==

==The Resolutions==

Thomas Jefferson and James Madison secretly collaborated in writing different resolutions of protest.<ref> The authorship of Jefferson and Madison remained secret for years. </ref> These were given to allies and passed by the state legislatures of Virginia and Kentucky, but other states refused to pass similar resolutions.  Indeed several states denounced the resolutions as unconstitutional.  Both resolutions not only condemned the Alien and Sedition Acts as unconstitutional They went to claim that individual states could nullify federal laws deemed to be unconstitutional. Madison's Virginia Resolutions, which pronounced the [[compact theory]], were relatively milder in terms than Jefferson's Kentucky Resolutions, which explicitly stated states' rights to [[nullification]].

Thomas Jefferson and James Madison secretly collaborated in writing different resolutions of protest.<ref>The authorship of Jefferson and Madison remained secret for years.</ref> These were given to allies and passed by the state legislatures of Virginia and Kentucky, but other states refused to pass similar resolutions.  Indeed, several states denounced the resolutions as unconstitutional.  Both resolutions not only condemned the Alien and Sedition Acts as unconstitutional They went to claim that individual states could nullify federal laws deemed to be unconstitutional. Madison's Virginia Resolutions, which pronounced the [[compact theory]], were relatively milder in terms than Jefferson's Kentucky Resolutions, which explicitly stated states' rights to [[nullification]].

The Alien and Sedition Acts either expired or were repealed from 1800 to 1802, after Jefferson was elected to the presidency.

The Alien and Sedition Acts either expired or were repealed from 1800 to 1802, after Jefferson was elected to the presidency.

The resolutions were submitted to other states for approval but with no success. In [[New Hampshire]], newspapers treated them as military threats and replied with sinister foreshadowings of civil war. "We think it highly probable that Virginia and Kentucky will be sadly disappointed in their infernal plan of exciting insurrections and tumults," proclaimed one. The other states legislature's unanimous reply was blunt:  

The resolutions were submitted to other states for approval but with no success. In [[New Hampshire]], newspapers treated them as military threats and replied with sinister foreshadowings of civil war. "We think it highly probable that Virginia and Kentucky will be sadly disappointed in their infernal plan of exciting insurrections and tumults," proclaimed one. The other states legislature's unanimous reply was blunt:  

{{cquote|Resolved that the Legislature of New Hampshire unequivocally express a firm resolution to maintain and defend the Constitution of the United States, and the Constitution of this State against every aggression either foreign or domestic, and that they will support the Government of the United States in all measures warranted by the former. That the State Legislatures are not the proper tribunals to determine the Constitutionality of the laws of the General Government—that the duty of such decision is properly and exclusively confided to the Judicial department. <ref>[http://www.constitution.org/rf/vr_04.htm Counter-Resolutions of Other States]</ref>}}  

{{cquote|Resolved that the Legislature of New Hampshire unequivocally express a firm resolution to maintain and defend the Constitution of the United States, and the Constitution of this State against every aggression either foreign or domestic, and that they will support the Government of the United States in all measures warranted by the former. That the State Legislatures are not the proper tribunals to determine the Constitutionality of the laws of the General Government—that the duty of such decision is properly and exclusively confided to the Judicial department.<ref>[http://www.constitution.org/rf/vr_04.htm Counter-Resolutions of Other States]</ref>}}  

At a more threatening level, Federalist leader [[Alexander Hamilton]], then building up the army, suggested sending it into Virginia, on some “obvious pretext.” Measures would be taken, Hamilton hinted to an ally in Congress, “to act upon the laws & put Virginia to the Test of resistance.” <ref>Hamilton letter of Feb. 2, 1799, ''Hamilton Papers'' vol 22 pp 452-53.</ref>

At a more threatening level, Federalist leader [[Alexander Hamilton]], then building up the army, suggested sending it into Virginia, on some “obvious pretext.” Measures would be taken, Hamilton hinted to an ally in Congress, “to act upon the laws & put Virginia to the Test of resistance.” <ref>Hamilton letter of Feb. 2, 1799, ''Hamilton Papers'' vol 22 pp 452-53.</ref>

* Elkins, Stanley and Eric McKitrick. ''The Age of Federalism'' (1995), the standard history of the era; [http://www.questia.com/library/book/the-age-of-federalism-by-stanley-elkins-eric-mckitrick.jsp online edition]

* Elkins, Stanley and Eric McKitrick. ''The Age of Federalism'' (1995), the standard history of the era; [http://www.questia.com/library/book/the-age-of-federalism-by-stanley-elkins-eric-mckitrick.jsp online edition]

*Gutzman, K. R. Constantine, "'O, What a Tangled Web We Weave ...':  James Madison and the Compound Republic," ''Continuity'' 22 (1998), 19-29, by conservative scholar

*Gutzman, K. R. Constantine, "'O, What a Tangled Web We Weave ...':  James Madison and the Compound Republic," ''Continuity'' 22 (1998), 19-29, by conservative scholar

*Gutzman, Kevin R., "A Troublesome Legacy:  James Madison and the 'Principles of '98,'"  ''Journal of the Early Republic'' 15 (1995), 569-89 , by conservative scholar

*Gutzman, Kevin R., "A Troublesome Legacy:  James Madison and the 'Principles of '98,'"  ''Journal of the Early Republic'' 15 (1995), 569-89, by conservative scholar

* Gutzman, K[evin] R. Constantine, "The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions Reconsidered:  'An Appeal to the _Real Laws_ of Our Country,'" ''Journal of Southern History'' 66 (2000), 473-96. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-4642(200008)66%3A3%3C473%3ATVAKRR%3E2.0.CO%3B2-F online at JSTOR], by conservative scholar

* Gutzman, K[evin] R. Constantine, "The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions Reconsidered:  'An Appeal to the _Real Laws_ of Our Country,'" ''Journal of Southern History'' 66 (2000), 473-96. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-4642(200008)66%3A3%3C473%3ATVAKRR%3E2.0.CO%3B2-F online at JSTOR], by conservative scholar

* Koch, Adrienne.  and Harry Ammon. "The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions: An Episode in Jefferson's and Madison's Defense of Civil Liberties," ''William and Mary, Quarterly'' April 1948, pp. 145-76. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0043-5597(194804)3%3A5%3A2%3C145%3ATVAKRA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Q online at JSTOR]

* Koch, Adrienne.  and Harry Ammon. "The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions: An Episode in Jefferson's and Madison's Defense of Civil Liberties," ''William and Mary, Quarterly'' April 1948, pp.&nbsp;145–76. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0043-5597(194804)3%3A5%3A2%3C145%3ATVAKRA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Q online at JSTOR]

* Koch, Adrienne. ''Jefferson and Madison: The Great Collaboration'' (1950), ch. 7.

* Koch, Adrienne. ''Jefferson and Madison: The Great Collaboration'' (1950), ch. 7.

* Watkins, William. ''Reclaiming the American Revolution: The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions and Their Legacy'' (2004), a tract praising the resolutions

* Watkins, William. ''Reclaiming the American Revolution: The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions and Their Legacy'' (2004), a tract praising the resolutions

[[category:United States History]]

[[Category:United States History]]