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<ref>Ralph Waldo Emerson: [http://www.vcu.edu/engweb/transcendentalism/authors/emerson/essays/art.html Thought on Art]</ref>

<ref>Ralph Waldo Emerson: [http://www.vcu.edu/engweb/transcendentalism/authors/emerson/essays/art.html Thought on Art]</ref>

Architectural types and styles classify architecture in terms of form, techniques, materials, time periods, contexts, region, climates, etc. <ref>[http://types.greatbuildings.com/ A Menu of  Architectural Types]</ref> The Oxford English Dictionary defines architectural style as, "A definite type of architecture distinguished by special characteristics of structure and ornament"... ''The language of ornament employed throughout a building frequently identifies the architecture of a particular period.'' <ref>[http://www.wbdg.org/resources/style.php Style] by Phoebe Crisman, Assistant Professor,

Architectural types and styles classify architecture in terms of form, techniques, materials, time periods, contexts, region, climates, etc.<ref>[http://types.greatbuildings.com/ A Menu of  Architectural Types]</ref> The Oxford English Dictionary defines architectural style as, "A definite type of architecture distinguished by special characteristics of structure and ornament"... ''The language of ornament employed throughout a building frequently identifies the architecture of a particular period.'' <ref>[http://www.wbdg.org/resources/style.php Style] by Phoebe Crisman, Assistant Professor,

University of Virginia, School of Architecture.

University of Virginia, School of Architecture.

</ref> Terms like Balustrade, Column, [[Cupola]], Entablature, Façade, Gothic arch, Jamb, [[Masonry]], Portico, Volute, or Wattle, are typical of this architectural profession.  

</ref> Terms like Balustrade, Column, [[Cupola]], Entablature, Façade, Gothic arch, Jamb, [[Masonry]], Portico, Volute, or Wattle, are typical of this architectural profession.  

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| Art in Roman Architecture appears in such varied purposes. ''The Romans were the first people to treat architecture as a minister to the numberless needs of a great nation. Before them, except in the Greek theatres, it had served the gods, the royal families, and the dead, alone.'' [http://www.2020site.org/rome/] Some examples of Roman Architecture are: [[Pantheon, Rome| The Pantheon]] (the best-preserved building in [[Rome]]), [[Colosseum|The Colosseum]], the aqueducts like The Aqua Appia, [[Hadrian's Wall| The Hadrian's Wall]], [[Antonine Wall|The Antonine Wall]], and The Library of Celsus designed by the Roman architect Vitruoya in the Roman city of Ephesus.  

| Art in Roman Architecture appears in such varied purposes. ''The Romans were the first people to treat architecture as a minister to the numberless needs of a great nation. Before them, except in the Greek theatres, it had served the gods, the royal families, and the dead, alone.'' [http://www.2020site.org/rome/] Some examples of Roman Architecture are: [[Pantheon, Rome|The Pantheon]] (the best-preserved building in [[Rome]]), [[Colosseum|The Colosseum]], the aqueducts like The Aqua Appia, [[Hadrian's Wall|The Hadrian's Wall]], [[Antonine Wall|The Antonine Wall]], and The Library of Celsus designed by the Roman architect Vitruoya in the Roman city of Ephesus.  

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{{cquote|

By the middle of the fifteenth century, scholars in the curia--like the brilliant architect [[Leon Battista Alberti]] and the erudite scholar Flavio Biondo -- knew the ancient city (of Rome) better than anyone had for a thousand years. Artists recorded the ruins that survived, broken and ivy-covered, and reconstructed the original palaces and temples in all their crisp-edged glory. Architects tried to grasp the rules and methods of the Roman builders. When ancient works of art, like the Laocoon, came to light they immediately became famous and influential, finding prominent places in the sculpture collections that adorned the Capitoline hill, the Belvedere court of the Vatican, and many private houses. Drawn and printed images of them circulated throughout Europe and scholars and artists made pilgrimages to Rome to see them. <ref>[http://ancienthistory.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?zi=1/XJ/Ya&sdn=ancienthistory&zu=http%3A%2F%2Fmetalab.unc.edu%2Fexpo%2Fvatican.exhibit%2Fexhibit%2Fb-archeology%2FArchaeology.html Learning to Read Rome's Ruins]</ref>

By the middle of the fifteenth century, scholars in the curia--like the brilliant architect [[Leon Battista Alberti]] and the erudite scholar Flavio Biondo -- knew the ancient city (of Rome) better than anyone had for a thousand years. Artists recorded the ruins that survived, broken and ivy-covered, and reconstructed the original palaces and temples in all their crisp-edged glory. Architects tried to grasp the rules and methods of the Roman builders. When ancient works of art, like the Laocoon, came to light they immediately became famous and influential, finding prominent places in the sculpture collections that adorned the Capitoline hill, the Belvedere court of the Vatican, and many private houses. Drawn and printed images of them circulated throughout Europe and scholars and artists made pilgrimages to Rome to see them.<ref>[http://ancienthistory.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?zi=1/XJ/Ya&sdn=ancienthistory&zu=http%3A%2F%2Fmetalab.unc.edu%2Fexpo%2Fvatican.exhibit%2Fexhibit%2Fb-archeology%2FArchaeology.html Learning to Read Rome's Ruins]</ref>

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[[Image:Gerasa Triumphal Arch of Hadrian.jpg|thumb|Triumphal Arch of Hadrian, Gerasa, [[Jordan]].]]

[[Image:Gerasa Triumphal Arch of Hadrian.jpg|thumb|Triumphal Arch of Hadrian, Gerasa, [[Jordan]].]]

One of the featured element of the Roman architecture was the "[[arch]] semicircular". Roman arcades were made with pilasters attached to piers carrying an entablature, or in some cases the arcs are resting directly upon their capitals. The Colosseum and the aqueducts are examples of this technique. Romans also introduced the triumphal arch to celebrate military victories.  

One of the featured element of the Roman architecture was the "[[arch]] semicircular". Roman arcades were made with pilasters attached to piers carrying an entablature, or in some cases the arcs are resting directly upon their capitals. The Colosseum and the aqueducts are examples of this technique. Romans also introduced the triumphal arch to celebrate military victories.  

''The [[Pantheon, Rome|Pantheon]] and the ruined Temple of Peace were the two Roman edifices which indicated the progress of the Romans towards the invention of an architecture distinctively their own. '' <ref> [http://www.2020site.org/rome/romanarch.html Roman Arch and Columns] </ref>

''The [[Pantheon, Rome|Pantheon]] and the ruined Temple of Peace were the two Roman edifices which indicated the progress of the Romans towards the invention of an architecture distinctively their own. '' <ref>[http://www.2020site.org/rome/romanarch.html Roman Arch and Columns]</ref>

Architect Vitruvius wrote the earliest work on the subject of architecture "De architectura", known today as ''The Ten Books on Architecture''.  Vitruvius' fundamental principles of architecture were ''firmitas, utilitas, venustas'' (firmness, commodity and delight).

Architect Vitruvius wrote the earliest work on the subject of architecture "De architectura", known today as ''The Ten Books on Architecture''.  Vitruvius' fundamental principles of architecture were ''firmitas, utilitas, venustas'' (firmness, commodity and delight).

[[File:Hagia Sophia Istanbul Turkey.jpg|thumb|center|400px|The Hagia Sophia Basilica. ]]

[[File:Hagia Sophia Istanbul Turkey.jpg|thumb|center|400px|The Hagia Sophia Basilica.]]

== Middle Ages architecture ==

== Middle Ages architecture ==

Architecture in the [[Middle Ages]] or [[Medieval architecture]] can be seen in the majestic [[Church|churches]] built during that era. There were two main styles: '''Romanesque''' and '''Gothic'''.

Architecture in the [[Middle Ages]] or [[Medieval architecture]] can be seen in the majestic [[church]]es built during that era. There were two main styles: '''Romanesque''' and '''Gothic'''.

    

    

===Romanesque architecture===

===Romanesque architecture===

== Rococo, Neoclassical and Federal style ==

== Rococo, Neoclassical and Federal style ==

[[Image:56eugyjnm.jpg|thumb|180px|The White House by James Hoban]]

[[Image:56eugyjnm.jpg|thumb|180px|The White House by James Hoban]]

Baroque led to the exuberant Rococo style. Rococo began in the eighteenth century at [[Versailles]] like an art of exquisite refinement, graceful and linearity. Architects like Robert de Cotte, Gilles Marie Oppenord, and Jacques Ange Gabriel were representative of this style. Later, in the mid-18th century, Neoclassical architecture  began as a reaction against the Rococo ornament. It was inspired in the architecture of Classical Greece. In [[United States of America|America]], Neoclassical architecture conducted to Federal style. ''[[Thomas Jefferson]], Benjamin Latrobe, and others derived their building style more directly from [[Andrea Palladio|Palladio]].'' <ref> [http://uk.encarta.msn.com/text_761578082__1/Architecture.html Architecture] </ref>

Baroque led to the exuberant Rococo style. Rococo began in the eighteenth century at [[Versailles]] like an art of exquisite refinement, graceful and linearity. Architects like Robert de Cotte, Gilles Marie Oppenord, and Jacques Ange Gabriel were representative of this style. Later, in the mid-18th century, Neoclassical architecture  began as a reaction against the Rococo ornament. It was inspired in the architecture of Classical Greece. In [[United States of America|America]], Neoclassical architecture conducted to Federal style. ''[[Thomas Jefferson]], Benjamin Latrobe, and others derived their building style more directly from [[Andrea Palladio|Palladio]].'' <ref>[http://uk.encarta.msn.com/text_761578082__1/Architecture.html Architecture]</ref>

<blockquote>

<blockquote>

Thomas Jefferson was among the many people who submitted a plan for the [[White House]]. His design, however, was not chosen. Instead, James Hoban, an [[Irish]] immigrant architect living in [[Charleston]], [[South Carolina]], won the competition and a $500 prize, with a design modeled after Leister House in [[Dublin]], [[Ireland]]. <ref>[http://www.americaslibrary.gov/cgi-bin/page.cgi/jb/nation/whitehse_2 The White House.]</ref>

Thomas Jefferson was among the many people who submitted a plan for the [[White House]]. His design, however, was not chosen. Instead, James Hoban, an [[Irish]] immigrant architect living in [[Charleston]], [[South Carolina]], won the competition and a $500 prize, with a design modeled after Leister House in [[Dublin]], [[Ireland]].<ref>[http://www.americaslibrary.gov/cgi-bin/page.cgi/jb/nation/whitehse_2 The White House.]</ref>

</blockquote>

</blockquote>

[[Image:Villa Tugendhat Van der Rohe.jpg|thumb|220px|Villa Tugendhat, a [[World Heritage Site]], by Ludwig Van der Rohe, [[Czech Republic]].]]

[[Image:Villa Tugendhat Van der Rohe.jpg|thumb|220px|Villa Tugendhat, a [[World Heritage Site]], by Ludwig Van der Rohe, [[Czech Republic]].]]

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The value of design lies in the ability of a space, a building, or a functional object to have an effect on people - to shape behavior, to inspire, to challenge, to inform, to comfort, to engage, and to stimulate. [[Jonathan Barnes]].

The value of design lies in the ability of a space, a building, or a functional object to have an effect on people - to shape behavior, to inspire, to challenge, to inform, to comfort, to engage, and to stimulate. [[Jonathan Barnes]].

{{Clear}}

{{Clear}}

[[Image:Lewis Glucksman Gallery.jpg|thumb|140px|Cork Gallery by Sheila O'Donnell and John Tuomey Architects, Dublin, [[Ireland]].]]

[[Image:Lewis Glucksman Gallery.jpg|thumb|140px|Cork Gallery by Sheila O'Donnell and John Tuomey Architects, Dublin, [[Ireland]].]]

[[Image:Palacio de los Deportes Felix Candela.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Felix Candela]]

[[Image:Palacio de los Deportes Felix Candela.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Felix Candela]]

 

 

 

''"Architecture is an art when one consciously or unconsciously creates aesthetic emotion in the atmosphere and when this environment produces well being."'' Luis Barragan.

''"Architecture is an art when one consciously or unconsciously creates aesthetic emotion in the atmosphere and when this environment produces well being."'' Luis Barragan.

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Image:Taj Mahal...jpg|Taj Mahal [[India]]

Image:Taj Mahal...jpg|Taj Mahal [[India]]

Image:The Shahjahani Mosque in Thatta.jpg|The Shahjahani Mosque in Thatta, [[Pakistan]]

Image:The Shahjahani Mosque in Thatta.jpg|The Shahjahani Mosque in Thatta, [[Pakistan]]

Image:China Wall.jpg|Great Wall [[China]]

Image:China Wall.jpg|Great Wall China

File:National Stadium, Beijing.jpg|National Stadium, Beijing [[China]]

File:National Stadium, Beijing.jpg|National Stadium, Beijing [[China]]

Image:Saint Sophia Turkey.jpg|Saint Sophia [[Turkey]]

Image:Saint Sophia Turkey.jpg|Saint Sophia [[Turkey]]

''Architecture in Spain is an exotic mix of early Moorish influences, European trends, and surreal modernism.'' <ref> [http://architecture.about.com/od/countriescultures/p/spain.htm Architecture in Spain.] </ref>

''Architecture in Spain is an exotic mix of early Moorish influences, European trends, and surreal modernism.'' <ref>[http://architecture.about.com/od/countriescultures/p/spain.htm Architecture in Spain.]</ref>

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