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The unwarranted decision of the Supreme Court in the public school cases is now bearing the fruit always produced when men substitute naked power for established law.  

The unwarranted decision of the Supreme Court in the public school cases is now bearing the fruit always produced when men substitute naked power for established law.  

The [[Founding Fathers of the United States|Founding Fathers]] gave us a [[United States Constitution|Constitution]] of [[Checks and balances|checks and balances]] because they realized the inescapable lesson of history that no man or group of men can be safely entrusted with unlimited power. They framed this Constitution with its provisions for change by [[Constitutional amendment|amendment]] in order to secure the fundamentals of government against the dangers of temporary popular passion or the personal predilections of public officeholders.  

The [[Founding Fathers of the United States|Founding Fathers]] gave us a [[United States Constitution|Constitution]] of [[checks and balances]] because they realized the inescapable lesson of history that no man or group of men can be safely entrusted with unlimited power. They framed this Constitution with its provisions for change by [[Constitutional amendment|amendment]] in order to secure the fundamentals of government against the dangers of temporary popular passion or the personal predilections of public officeholders.  

We regard the decisions of the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] in the school cases as a clear abuse of judicial power. It climaxes a trend in the Federal Judiciary undertaking to legislate, in derogation of the authority of Congress, and to encroach upon the [[States' rights|reserved rights of the States]] and the people.  

We regard the decisions of the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] in the school cases as a clear abuse of judicial power. It climaxes a trend in the Federal Judiciary undertaking to legislate, in derogation of the authority of Congress, and to encroach upon the [[States' rights|reserved rights of the States]] and the people.  

As admitted by the Supreme Court in the public school case (Brown v. Board of Education), the doctrine of separate but equal schools "apparently originated in Roberts v. City of Boston (1849), upholding school segregation against attack as being violative of a State constitutional guarantee of equality."  This constitutional doctrine began in the North, not in the South, and it was followed not only in [[Massachusetts]], but in [[Connecticut]], [[New York]], [[Illinois]], [[Indiana]], [[Michigan]], [[Minnesota]], [[New Jersey]], [[Ohio]], [[Pennsylvania]] and other northern states until they, exercising their rights as states through the constitutional processes of local self-government, changed their school systems.  

As admitted by the Supreme Court in the public school case (Brown v. Board of Education), the doctrine of separate but equal schools "apparently originated in Roberts v. City of Boston (1849), upholding school segregation against attack as being violative of a State constitutional guarantee of equality."  This constitutional doctrine began in the North, not in the South, and it was followed not only in [[Massachusetts]], but in [[Connecticut]], [[New York]], [[Illinois]], [[Indiana]], [[Michigan]], [[Minnesota]], [[New Jersey]], [[Ohio]], [[Pennsylvania]] and other northern states until they, exercising their rights as states through the constitutional processes of local self-government, changed their school systems.  

In the case of [[Plessy v. Ferguson]] in 1896 the Supreme Court expressly declared that under the 14th Amendment no person was denied any of his rights if the States provided separate but equal facilities. This decision has been followed in many other cases. It is notable that the Supreme Court, speaking through [[William Howard Taft|Chief Justice Taft]], a former [[President of the United States]], unanimously declared in 1927 in [[Lum v. Rice]] that the "[[Separate but equal|separate but equal]]" principle is "within the discretion of the State in regulating its public schools and does not conflict with the 14th Amendment."  

In the case of [[Plessy v. Ferguson]] in 1896 the Supreme Court expressly declared that under the 14th Amendment no person was denied any of his rights if the States provided separate but equal facilities. This decision has been followed in many other cases. It is notable that the Supreme Court, speaking through [[William Howard Taft|Chief Justice Taft]], a former [[President of the United States]], unanimously declared in 1927 in [[Lum v. Rice]] that the "[[separate but equal]]" principle is "within the discretion of the State in regulating its public schools and does not conflict with the 14th Amendment."  

This interpretation, restated time and again, became a part of the life of the people of many of the States and confirmed their habits, traditions, and way of life. It is founded on elemental humanity and commonsense, for parents should not be deprived by Government of the right to direct the lives and education of their own children.  

This interpretation, restated time and again, became a part of the life of the people of many of the States and confirmed their habits, traditions, and way of life. It is founded on elemental humanity and commonsense, for parents should not be deprived by Government of the right to direct the lives and education of their own children.  

This unwarranted exercise of power by the Court, contrary to the Constitution, is creating chaos and confusion in the States principally affected. It is destroying the amicable relations between the [[Whites|white]] and [[Negro]] races that have been created through 90 years of patient effort by the good people of both races.  It has planted hatred and suspicion where there has been heretofore friendship and understanding.  

This unwarranted exercise of power by the Court, contrary to the Constitution, is creating chaos and confusion in the States principally affected. It is destroying the amicable relations between the [[Whites|white]] and [[Negro]] races that have been created through 90 years of patient effort by the good people of both races.  It has planted hatred and suspicion where there has been heretofore friendship and understanding.  

Without regard to the consent of the governed, outside mediators are threatening immediate and revolutionary changes in our [[Public school|public schools]] systems. If done, this is certain to destroy the system of public education in some of the States.  

Without regard to the consent of the governed, outside mediators are threatening immediate and revolutionary changes in our [[public school]]s systems. If done, this is certain to destroy the system of public education in some of the States.  

With the gravest concern for the explosive and dangerous condition created by this decision and inflamed by outside meddlers:  

With the gravest concern for the explosive and dangerous condition created by this decision and inflamed by outside meddlers:  

Tennessee: James B. Frazier, Jr., Tom Murray, Jere Cooper, Clifford Davis.  

Tennessee: James B. Frazier, Jr., Tom Murray, Jere Cooper, Clifford Davis.  

==External link==

==External links==

[http://www.strom.clemson.edu/strom/manifesto.html Manifesto text and signers from the Congressional Record]

* [http://www.strom.clemson.edu/strom/manifesto.html Manifesto text and signers from the Congressional Record]

[[Category:history]]

[[Category:History]]