Changes

The UMWA had won a sweeping victory in the 1897 strike by the soft-coal (bituminous coal) miners in the Midwest, winning significant wage increases and growing from 10,000 to 115,000. A number of small strikes took place in the anthracite district from 1899 to 1901, by which the union gained experience and unionized more workers. The 1899 strike in Nanticoke, Pennsylvania, demonstrated that the unions could win a strike directed against a subsidiary of one of the large railroads. [Blatz 1991]  It hoped to make similar gains in 1900, but found the operators, who had established an oligopoly through concentration of ownership after drastic fluctuations in the market for anthracite, to be far more determined opponents than it had anticipated. The owners refused to meet or to arbitrate with the union; the union struck on September 17, 1900, with results that surprised even the union, as miners of all different nationalities walked out in support of the union.

The UMWA had won a sweeping victory in the 1897 strike by the soft-coal (bituminous coal) miners in the Midwest, winning significant wage increases and growing from 10,000 to 115,000. A number of small strikes took place in the anthracite district from 1899 to 1901, by which the union gained experience and unionized more workers. The 1899 strike in Nanticoke, Pennsylvania, demonstrated that the unions could win a strike directed against a subsidiary of one of the large railroads. [Blatz 1991]  It hoped to make similar gains in 1900, but found the operators, who had established an oligopoly through concentration of ownership after drastic fluctuations in the market for anthracite, to be far more determined opponents than it had anticipated. The owners refused to meet or to arbitrate with the union; the union struck on September 17, 1900, with results that surprised even the union, as miners of all different nationalities walked out in support of the union.

[[Republican_Party|Republican]] Senator [[Mark Hanna]], himself an owner of bituminous coal mines (not involved in the strike) sought to resolve the strike, coming less than two months before the presidential election. He worked through the [[National Civil Federation]] which brought labor and capital together. Relying on [[J. P. Morgan]] to convey his message to the industry that a strike would hurt the reelection of the Republican President [[William McKinley]], Hanna was able to convince the owners to concede a wage increase and grievance procedure to the strikers. The industry refused, on the other hand, to formally recognize the UMWA as the representative of the workers. The union declared victory and dropped its demand for union recognition.

[[Republican Party|Republican]] Senator [[Mark Hanna]], himself an owner of bituminous coal mines (not involved in the strike) sought to resolve the strike, coming less than two months before the presidential election. He worked through the [[National Civil Federation]] which brought labor and capital together. Relying on [[J. P. Morgan]] to convey his message to the industry that a strike would hurt the reelection of the Republican President [[William McKinley]], Hanna was able to convince the owners to concede a wage increase and grievance procedure to the strikers. The industry refused, on the other hand, to formally recognize the UMWA as the representative of the workers. The union declared victory and dropped its demand for union recognition.

==The anthracite coal strike of 1902==

==The anthracite coal strike of 1902==

*Phelan, Craig. "The Making of a Labor Leader: John Mitchell and the Anthracite Strike of 1900." ''Pennsylvania History.'' 63:1 (January 1996): 53-77.

*Phelan, Craig. "The Making of a Labor Leader: John Mitchell and the Anthracite Strike of 1900." ''Pennsylvania History.'' 63:1 (January 1996): 53-77.

*Phelan, Craig. ''Divided Loyalties: The Public and Private Life of Labor Leader John Mitchell.'' (1994).  

*Phelan, Craig. ''Divided Loyalties: The Public and Private Life of Labor Leader John Mitchell.'' (1994).  

*Wiebe, Robert H. "The Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902: A Record of Confusion." ''Mississippi Valley Historical Review.''  48#2(1961), pp. 229-51. The standard scholarly study [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0161-391X(196109)48%3A2%3C229%3ATASO1A%3E2.0.CO%3B2-3 in JSTOR]

*Wiebe, Robert H. "The Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902: A Record of Confusion." ''Mississippi Valley Historical Review.''  48#2(1961), pp. 229–51. The standard scholarly study [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0161-391X(196109)48%3A2%3C229%3ATASO1A%3E2.0.CO%3B2-3 in JSTOR]

*Wilson, Susan E. "President Theodore Roosevelt's Role in the Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902." ''Labor's Heritage.'' 3:1 (1991): 4-2.

*Wilson, Susan E. "President Theodore Roosevelt's Role in the Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902." ''Labor's Heritage.'' 3:1 (1991): 4-2.

==Primary sources==

==Primary sources==

* United States Anthracite Coal Strike Commission, ''Report to the President on the Anthracite Coal Strike of May-October, 1902'' [http://books.google.com/books/pdf/Report_to_the_President_on_the_Anthracit.pdf?vid=OCLC65212138&id=FN4JAAAAIAAJ&output=pdf&sig=vFY_ftUdao3z8xfTTIG1-VQrGqg online edition]

* United States Anthracite Coal Strike Commission, ''Report to the President on the Anthracite Coal Strike of May–October, 1902'' [http://books.google.com/books/pdf/Report_to_the_President_on_the_Anthracit.pdf?vid=OCLC65212138&id=FN4JAAAAIAAJ&output=pdf&sig=vFY_ftUdao3z8xfTTIG1-VQrGqg online edition]

==See also==

==See also==