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[[Image:65375.jpg|right|thumb|250px|David Hume]]

[[Image:65375.jpg|right|thumb|250px|David Hume]]

'''David Hume''' (1711-1776) was a [[Scottish]] [[philosopher]] and [[historian]] who promoted [[empiricism]] and [[naturalism]] over [[spiritual]]ity.  However, the ''[[Stanford]] Encylopedia of [[Philosophy]]'' states the following regarding Hume: "Although many of Hume's own contemporaries were happy to label Hume an '[[atheism|atheist]]', our own contemporaries are more divided on this issue."<ref>http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hume-religion/#10</ref>  He was [[skeptic]]al towards [[religion]], and his major philosophical works include ''A Treatise on Human Nature'', ''An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals'', and ''Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion''.  He also wrote an attack against the occurrence [http://www1.bartleby.com/37/3/14.html of miracles], though it is now believed to be somewhat [[tautology| tautological]], and the wide-ranging ''History of [[England]]'', which covered the history of [[Great Britain]] from the time of [[Julius Caesar]] to 1688. Many of his quotes have survived to this day, including "You can tell what is inside a person's [[soul]] by what comes out if it."

'''David Hume''' (1711-1776) was a [[Scottish]] [[philosopher]] and [[historian]] who promoted [[empiricism]] and [[naturalism]] over [[spiritual]]ity.  However, the ''[[Stanford]] Encylopedia of [[Philosophy]]'' states the following regarding Hume: "Although many of Hume's own contemporaries were happy to label Hume an '[[atheism|atheist]]', our own contemporaries are more divided on this issue."<ref>http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hume-religion/#10</ref>  He was [[skeptic]]al towards [[religion]], and his major philosophical works include ''A Treatise on Human Nature'', ''An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals'', and ''Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion''.  He also wrote an attack against the occurrence [http://www1.bartleby.com/37/3/14.html of miracles], though it is now believed to be somewhat [[tautology|tautological]], and the wide-ranging ''History of [[England]]'', which covered the history of [[Great Britain]] from the time of [[Julius Caesar]] to 1688. Many of his quotes have survived to this day, including "You can tell what is inside a person's [[soul]] by what comes out if it."

Hume has been criticized by many [[theist]]s for his [[atheist]]ic approach, and [[Charles Darwin]] declared Hume to have been his central influence, and "Darwin's bulldog" [[Thomas Henry Huxley]] admired him so much that he wrote a book about him called ''Hume''.  Furthermore, Hume was denied several academic positions - such as the coveted chair of [[moral]] philosophy at the University of Edinburgh - possibly because he was so commonly assumed to be irreligious and much of [[morality]] was considered to come from [[God]]. One admirer of Hume was [[Adam Smith]] who, upon Hume's [[death]] in 1776, wrote the following to his friend William Strahan:

Hume has been criticized by many [[theist]]s for his [[atheist]]ic approach, and [[Charles Darwin]] declared Hume to have been his central influence, and "Darwin's bulldog" [[Thomas Henry Huxley]] admired him so much that he wrote a book about him called ''Hume''.  Furthermore, Hume was denied several academic positions - such as the coveted chair of [[moral]] philosophy at the University of Edinburgh - possibly because he was so commonly assumed to be irreligious and much of [[morality]] was considered to come from [[God]]. One admirer of Hume was [[Adam Smith]] who, upon Hume's [[death]] in 1776, wrote the following to his friend William Strahan:

===Causation===

===Causation===

Writing about [[metaphysics]], Hume charges most [[philosopher]]s with [[logical]] [[incontinence]]. He attacks the metaphysical principle of [[causation]] (the view that causal laws are necessary relations between events), arguing that there could be no sense impressions that would justify such a belief. All that we may [[infer]] from our senses are that certain events are "constantly conjoined." But the constant conjunction of X and Y does not logically imply a necessary connection between X and Y. For instance, we have always seen the sun rise in the morning, but we cannot show that it <i>must</i> do so tomorrow. For all we know, it shall not.

Writing about [[metaphysics]], Hume charges most [[philosopher]]s with [[logical]] [[incontinence]]. He attacks the metaphysical principle of [[causation]] (the view that causal laws are necessary relations between events), arguing that there could be no sense impressions that would justify such a belief. All that we may [[infer]] from our senses are that certain events are "constantly conjoined." But the constant conjunction of X and Y does not logically imply a necessary connection between X and Y. For instance, we have always seen the sun rise in the morning, but we cannot show that it ''must'' do so tomorrow. For all we know, it shall not.

It is important to note that Hume is not a radical [[skeptic]]. He is not worried that the sun shall not rise tomorrow; rather, he is simply remarking on our inability to have absolute certainty about the world based solely on our [[empirical]] observations of it.

It is important to note that Hume is not a radical [[skeptic]]. He is not worried that the sun shall not rise tomorrow; rather, he is simply remarking on our inability to have absolute certainty about the world based solely on our [[empirical]] observations of it.

==Influence on Kant==

==Influence on Kant==

Hume's work had an immediate influence on the German philosopher [[Immanuel Kant]], whose <i>Critique of Pure Reason</i> was in some respects a response to Hume's empiricism. Drawing on Hume's observations about the limits of the human mind (specifically, the limitations on how it perceives reality), Kant claimed that Hume's empiricism leads to idealism - the view that some or all objects only have existence in the mind. Kant reverses this skeptical claim, arguing that the categories of spatial position, time and objectivity are imposed <i>by the mind</i> on our perceptions in order that we may make sense of them. He called this view transcendental idealism because, from the standpoint of the observer, this type of idealism necessitates the truth of our empirical claims relating to the categories he included in the reversal. In other words, because the category of "space" is a cognitive construct, we may make claims about the spatial relations of objects with certainty because the relations we are describing are nothing more or less than our ideas of them.

Hume's work had an immediate influence on the German philosopher [[Immanuel Kant]], whose ''Critique of Pure Reason'' was in some respects a response to Hume's empiricism. Drawing on Hume's observations about the limits of the human mind (specifically, the limitations on how it perceives reality), Kant claimed that Hume's empiricism leads to idealism - the view that some or all objects only have existence in the mind. Kant reverses this skeptical claim, arguing that the categories of spatial position, time and objectivity are imposed ''by the mind'' on our perceptions in order that we may make sense of them. He called this view transcendental idealism because, from the standpoint of the observer, this type of idealism necessitates the truth of our empirical claims relating to the categories he included in the reversal. In other words, because the category of "space" is a cognitive construct, we may make claims about the spatial relations of objects with certainty because the relations we are describing are nothing more or less than our ideas of them.

==References==

==References==

Hume, David. <i>A Treatise on Human Nature</i>

Hume, David. ''A Treatise on Human Nature''

Smith, Adam. "Letter to William Strahan" November 9, 1776

Smith, Adam. "Letter to William Strahan" November 9, 1776

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