Changes

Around 1630, Druze emir Fakhr al-Din Ma'n (1572-1635) gained effective control of provinces of the [[Ottoman Empire]] along the coasts of Syria and Palestine. His rise, fall from power, and eventual execution shed light on the decentralized nature of the Ottoman state, how the Ottomans tolerated and even encouraged factional fighting among provincial elites, and the efforts of Medici Tuscany to establish footholds in the eastern Mediterranean. The key to Fakhr al-Din's political success lay in his ability to mobilize local resources and to work with foreign consuls and merchants to provide security for the Mediterranean trade so vital to the region's economic well-being.  

Around 1630, Druze emir Fakhr al-Din Ma'n (1572-1635) gained effective control of provinces of the [[Ottoman Empire]] along the coasts of Syria and Palestine. His rise, fall from power, and eventual execution shed light on the decentralized nature of the Ottoman state, how the Ottomans tolerated and even encouraged factional fighting among provincial elites, and the efforts of Medici Tuscany to establish footholds in the eastern Mediterranean. The key to Fakhr al-Din's political success lay in his ability to mobilize local resources and to work with foreign consuls and merchants to provide security for the Mediterranean trade so vital to the region's economic well-being.  

===Maronite conflict===

===Maronite conflict===

The [[Maronite]]-Druze conflict in [[Lebanon]], 1840-60 was an outgrowth of the Maronite Christian independence movement directed against the Druze and Ottoman-Turks. The civil war was not therefore a religious war, except in Damascus where it spread and where the population was anti-Christian. The movement culminated with the 1859-60 massacre and defeat of the Christians by the Druzes, who were aided by the Turks. French intervention on behalf of the Maronites did not help the Maronite national movement since France was restricted in 1860 by Britain which did not want the [[Ottoman Empire]] dismembered. But European intervention pressured the Turks to treat the Maronites more justly.<ref> Antoine Abraham, "Lebanese Communal Relations," ''Muslim World'' 1977 67(2): 91-105</ref>

The [[Maronite]]-Druze conflict in [[Lebanon]], 1840-60 was an outgrowth of the Maronite Christian independence movement directed against the Druze and Ottoman-Turks. The civil war was not therefore a religious war, except in Damascus where it spread and where the population was anti-Christian. The movement culminated with the 1859-60 massacre and defeat of the Christians by the Druzes, who were aided by the Turks. French intervention on behalf of the Maronites did not help the Maronite national movement since France was restricted in 1860 by Britain which did not want the [[Ottoman Empire]] dismembered. But European intervention pressured the Turks to treat the Maronites more justly.<ref>Antoine Abraham, "Lebanese Communal Relations," ''Muslim World'' 1977 67(2): 91-105</ref>

===Israel===

===Israel===

The government of [[Israel]] encourages Druze separatism from Israel's Arab minority through a special educational curriculum emphasizing Druze history and culture, Druze folklore, a calendar of holy days and feasts, and the 'invention of traditions,' including pilgrimages and festivals, associated with the rebuilt or even newly created 'maqamat' (holy places).

The government of [[Israel]] encourages Druze separatism from Israel's Arab minority through a special educational curriculum emphasizing Druze history and culture, Druze folklore, a calendar of holy days and feasts, and the 'invention of traditions,' including pilgrimages and festivals, associated with the rebuilt or even newly created 'maqamat' (holy places).

The most authoritative Druze religious text is the ''Kitab al-hikma'' (Book of Wisdom), a collection of 111 letters, some of them written by al-Hakim and Hamza.  The community is divided into two groups:  the uqqual and the juhhal.  The uqqual are those initiated into the teachings of the hikma (religious doctrine);  the juhhal, comprising the great majority of the population, are unfamiliar with these tenets

The most authoritative Druze religious text is the ''Kitab al-hikma'' (Book of Wisdom), a collection of 111 letters, some of them written by al-Hakim and Hamza.  The community is divided into two groups:  the uqqual and the juhhal.  The uqqual are those initiated into the teachings of the hikma (religious doctrine);  the juhhal, comprising the great majority of the population, are unfamiliar with these tenets

==External Links==

==External links==

[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Society_&_Culture/druze.html ''The Druze''], Jewish Virtual Library

* [http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Society_&_Culture/druze.html ''The Druze''], Jewish Virtual Library

==Further reading==

==Further reading==

*  Betts, R. ''The Druze'' (1988)

*  Betts, R. ''The Druze'' (1988)

*  Kanaan, Claude Boueiz. ''Lebanon, 1860-1960: A Century of Myth and Politics.'' (2005)

*  Kanaan, Claude Boueiz. ''Lebanon, 1860-1960: A Century of Myth and Politics.'' (2005)

====references====

====References====

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[[Category:Islam]]

[[Category:Islam]]

[[category:Islam]]

[[Category:Islam]]

[[Category:Middle East]]

[[Category:Middle East]]