Changes

===Politics===

===Politics===

About 840AD the Celtic King Kenneth I (reigned 843-58) united the tribal Picts and the Scots and formed a kingdom in central Scotland.  Later kings expanded the realm to include Strathclyde and Lothian.  This Celtic monarchy lasted until Macbeth's bloody reign ended (1057); he was killed and replaced by Malcolm III. Under Malcolm and his successors, especially King David I (reigned 1124-53), Scotland became an organized feudal state

About 840AD the Celtic King Kenneth I (reigned 843-58) united the tribal Picts and the Scots and formed a kingdom in central Scotland.  Later kings expanded the realm to include Strathclyde and Lothian.  This Celtic monarchy lasted until Macbeth's bloody reign ended (1057); he was killed and replaced by Malcolm III. Under Malcolm and his successors, especially King David I (reigned 1124–53), Scotland became an organized feudal state

==Reformation==

==Reformation==

Inspired by theologian [[John Knox]] (1510-1572), the Scottish Reformation made the nation Calvinist, with a strong Presbyterian Church. The Protestant [[Church of Scotland]] was formed in the mid-16th century by Knox and the Protestant Lords of the Congregation.  When Mary I became Queen in 1553 Knox fled to Switzerland, where he was strongly influenced by the Calvinist theology of [[John Calvin]] of Geneva; he sent many letters and pamphlets back to Scotland in returned in 1559.  In 1560, the Scottish Parliament formally rejected Papal jurisdiction. Until the late 20th century Protestantism--especially of the Presbyterian variety--has been a central value for most Scots, helping shape their identity and way of thinking.<ref> Scotland has some Catholics living in remote areas, and some Episcopalians, such as [[William Gladstone]]. The arrival of Irish Catholics in the 19th century added a Catholic element.</ref>

Inspired by theologian [[John Knox]] (1510-1572), the Scottish Reformation made the nation Calvinist, with a strong Presbyterian Church. The Protestant [[Church of Scotland]] was formed in the mid-16th century by Knox and the Protestant Lords of the Congregation.  When Mary I became Queen in 1553 Knox fled to Switzerland, where he was strongly influenced by the Calvinist theology of [[John Calvin]] of Geneva; he sent many letters and pamphlets back to Scotland in returned in 1559.  In 1560, the Scottish Parliament formally rejected Papal jurisdiction. Until the late 20th century Protestantism—especially of the Presbyterian variety—has been a central value for most Scots, helping shape their identity and way of thinking.<ref>Scotland has some Catholics living in remote areas, and some Episcopalians, such as [[William Gladstone]]. The arrival of Irish Catholics in the 19th century added a Catholic element.</ref>

==Union==

==Union==

In 1603, James VI King of Scotland also took the throne of England as King [[James I of England]]. He was the first of the Stuart dynasty that ruled England until 1714. With the exception of a short period under [[Oliver Cromwell|Cromwell's Protectorate]] (1653-58), Scotland remained a separate entity but shared the same king with England.  

In 1603, James VI King of Scotland also took the throne of England as King [[James I of England]]. He was the first of the Stuart dynasty that ruled England until 1714. With the exception of a short period under [[Oliver Cromwell|Cromwell's Protectorate]] (1653–58), Scotland remained a separate entity but shared the same king with England.  

There was considerable conflict between the crown and the [[Covenanters]] over the form of [[Church of Scotland|church government]]. After the 1688 overthrow of the Catholic James II by [[William and Mary]], Scotland briefly threatened to select a different Protestant monarch from that of England. The English responded a stick and a carrot. The stick was the Alien Act of 1705, which provided that estates held by Scottish nationals in England were to be treated as alien property, making inheritance much less certain. It also had an embargo on the import of Scottish products into England and English colonies - about half of Scotland's trade, covering sectors such as linen, cattle and coal. The carrot was a provision that the Alien Act would be suspended if the Scots entered into negotiations. Another carrot was the promise of money to refund Scottish losses on the ill-fated Darien scheme of building a colony in Central America. The Scota agreed, and the '''Act of Union''' in 1707 uniting the two countries as the "Kingdom of Great Britain".  For the next 150 years Scotland had little voice in British government; it produced one minor Prime Minister, Lord Bute (1762-63).

There was considerable conflict between the crown and the [[Covenanters]] over the form of [[Church of Scotland|church government]]. After the 1688 overthrow of the Catholic James II by [[William and Mary]], Scotland briefly threatened to select a different Protestant monarch from that of England. The English responded a stick and a carrot. The stick was the Alien Act of 1705, which provided that estates held by Scottish nationals in England were to be treated as alien property, making inheritance much less certain. It also had an embargo on the import of Scottish products into England and English colonies - about half of Scotland's trade, covering sectors such as linen, cattle and coal. The carrot was a provision that the Alien Act would be suspended if the Scots entered into negotiations. Another carrot was the promise of money to refund Scottish losses on the ill-fated Darien scheme of building a colony in Central America. The Scota agreed, and the '''Act of Union''' in 1707 uniting the two countries as the "Kingdom of Great Britain".  For the next 150 years Scotland had little voice in British government; it produced one minor Prime Minister, Lord Bute (1762–63).

==Jacobites==

==Jacobites==

The deposed Jacobite Stuart claimants had remained popular in the Catholic districts of the Highlands. Two major Jacobite risings were launched from the Highlands in 1715 and 1745. The first failed at once.  The 1745 uprising, led by "The Young Pretender", collapsed with the defeat of the Jacobites at the Battle of Culloden on 16 April, 1746.

The deposed Jacobite Stuart claimants had remained popular in the Catholic districts of the Highlands. Two major Jacobite risings were launched from the Highlands in 1715 and 1745. The first failed at once.  The 1745 uprising, led by "The Young Pretender", collapsed with the defeat of the Jacobites at the Battle of Culloden on 16 April 1746.

==Precursor to the Industrial Revolution==

==Precursor to the Industrial Revolution==

==Urban vs rural==

==Urban vs rural==

For all the romanticisation of Scotland and its misty historic mountain roots by romantic novelists led by [[Walter Scott]], Scotland was already one of the most urbanised societies in Europe by 1800.  The industrial belt ran across the country from southwest to northeast; by 1900 the four industrialised counties of Lanarkshire, Renfrewshire, Dunbartonshire, and Ayrshire contained 44% of the population. The technological climate of the times, embodied in the innovative dynamism of steam power, had special resonance for Scotland, given the dramatic success of heavy engineering by the 1890s. Liberalism emerged from this background, the free-trade sentiments and forthright individualism of entrepreneurs coalescing with the radical emphasis on education and self-reliance as a means of community betterment. Despite political challenges, especially by the 1900s, these distinctive liberal values remained strong.<ref> McCaffrey, ''Scotland in the Nineteenth Century'' (1998)</ref>

For all the romanticisation of Scotland and its misty historic mountain roots by romantic novelists led by [[Walter Scott]], Scotland was already one of the most urbanised societies in Europe by 1800.  The industrial belt ran across the country from southwest to northeast; by 1900 the four industrialised counties of Lanarkshire, Renfrewshire, Dunbartonshire, and Ayrshire contained 44% of the population. The technological climate of the times, embodied in the innovative dynamism of steam power, had special resonance for Scotland, given the dramatic success of heavy engineering by the 1890s. Liberalism emerged from this background, the free-trade sentiments and forthright individualism of entrepreneurs coalescing with the radical emphasis on education and self-reliance as a means of community betterment. Despite political challenges, especially by the 1900s, these distinctive liberal values remained strong.<ref>McCaffrey, ''Scotland in the Nineteenth Century'' (1998)</ref>

Agriculture, too, had been much improved after the union, and standards remained high, though after the middle of the 19th century, when Britain adopted a free trade policy, food imports had very adverse effects on local agriculture. The industrial developments, while they brought work and wealth, were so rapid that housing, town-planning, and provision for public health did not keep pace with them, and for a time living conditions in some of the towns were notoriously bad.  The traditional landed interests was not overwhelmed politically by the fast-growing industrial middle classes for the electoral changes engendered by reform were less far-reaching in Scotland than in England. The landed interests managed to ensure that the political weight of numbers was skewed disproportionately in their favour. The unequal concentration of land ownership remained an emotional subject, of enormous importance to the vexed question of the Highland economy, and eventually became a cornerstone of liberal radicalism.

Agriculture, too, had been much improved after the union, and standards remained high, though after the middle of the 19th century, when Britain adopted a free trade policy, food imports had very adverse effects on local agriculture. The industrial developments, while they brought work and wealth, were so rapid that housing, town-planning, and provision for public health did not keep pace with them, and for a time living conditions in some of the towns were notoriously bad.  The traditional landed interests was not overwhelmed politically by the fast-growing industrial middle classes for the electoral changes engendered by reform were less far-reaching in Scotland than in England. The landed interests managed to ensure that the political weight of numbers was skewed disproportionately in their favour. The unequal concentration of land ownership remained an emotional subject, of enormous importance to the vexed question of the Highland economy, and eventually became a cornerstone of liberal radicalism.

==Bibliography==

==Bibliography==

===Reference===

===References===

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* Davidson, Neil, ''Discovering the Scottish Revolution, 1692-1746'', Pluto Press, London, England (2003). ISBN 0-7453-2053-8

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* Devine, T.M., ''Clanship to Crofters' War: the Social Transformation of the Scottish Highlands'', (1994). ISBN 0-7190-3482-5

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* Withers, Charles W. J. and Wood, Paul, eds.  ''Science and Medicine in the Scottish Enlightenment.'' (2002). 364 pp.