Changes

'''Kapteyn's Star''' is one of the closest stars to our [[Solar System]].  The star is noted for its unusual features compared to other local stars, such as its retrograde galactic orbital path, extreme age, and origins outside the galactic plane.  The star was first discovered by  Jacobus Cornelius Kapteyn (1851-1922) and Robert Thorburn Ayton Innes in 1897,<ref name="sol">http://www.solstation.com/stars/kapteyns.htm</ref> and was found to have the greatest proper motion of any star until the discovery of [[Barnard's Star]].

'''Kapteyn's Star''' is one of the closest stars to our [[Solar System]].  The star is noted for its unusual features compared to other local stars, such as its retrograde galactic orbital path, extreme age, and origins outside the galactic plane.  The star was first discovered by  Jacobus Cornelius Kapteyn (1851-1922) and Robert Thorburn Ayton Innes in 1897,<ref name="sol">http://www.solstation.com/stars/kapteyns.htm</ref> and was found to have the greatest proper motion of any star until the discovery of [[Barnard's Star]].

Kapteyn's Star itself is classified as a M0-1.5V(dwarf) or VI(subdwarf) halo star<ref>http://adsbit.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1997AJ....113..806G</ref>. Because the star is a dim M class dwarf with only 4/1000th of the sun's brightness, it has an apparent magnitude of 8.85, rendering it invisible to the unaided eye.  This is despite being located only 12.77 years away, making it the 25th closest star. Kapteyn's Star has only 10.5 percent of the Metallicity of Sol, 29 to 39.3 percent of Sol's mass<ref>http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2004MNRAS.350..575W&db_key=AST&high=41dd40b72e13373</ref>, and less than third (29 to 32 percent) of its diameter<ref name="sol">http://www.solstation.com/stars/kapteyns.htm</ref>. It is also a [[variable star]], and thus is also known by its variable star designation of ''VZ Pictoris''.

Kapteyn's Star itself is classified as a M0-1.5V(dwarf) or VI(subdwarf) halo star.<ref>http://adsbit.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1997AJ....113..806G</ref>  Because the star is a dim M class dwarf with only 4/1000th of the sun's brightness, it has an apparent magnitude of 8.85, rendering it invisible to the unaided eye.  This is despite being located only 12.77 years away, making it the 25th closest star. Kapteyn's Star has only 10.5 percent of the Metallicity of Sol, 29 to 39.3 percent of Sol's mass,<ref>http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2004MNRAS.350..575W&db_key=AST&high=41dd40b72e13373</ref> and less than third (29 to 32 percent) of its diameter.<ref name="sol"/>  It is also a [[variable star]], and thus is also known by its variable star designation of ''VZ Pictoris''.

Because Kapteyn's Star is so metal-poor (lacking in elements heavier then [[hydrogen]] and [[helium]]), it appears more bluish and dimmer then the typical younger, main sequence M-class dwarf<ref>http://adsbit.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1976ApJ...205..186W</ref>.  

Because Kapteyn's Star is so metal-poor (lacking in elements heavier then [[hydrogen]] and [[helium]]), it appears more bluish and dimmer then the typical younger, main sequence M-class dwarf.<ref>http://adsbit.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1976ApJ...205..186W</ref>   

Very few such halo stars are located near our solar system, with such stars accounting for only 0.1 to 0.2 percent of all stars that are near the sun. Kapteyn's Star is believed to be the closest of these.  The star is a member of a local cluster of halo stars that is very thinly spread out over a distance of some 6,500 to 9,800 light-years stretching towards the galactic halo<ref>http://adsbit.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1996AJ....112.2661E</ref>. Kapteyn's Star is unusual because most such stars lie far above or below the galactic plane.  Like other halo stars, Kapteyn's Star does have an extremely elliptical galactic orbit and is believed to be among the oldest stars in the galaxy and the region around it, estimated to be some 10 billion years old or older.

Very few such halo stars are located near our solar system, with such stars accounting for only 0.1 to 0.2 percent of all stars that are near the sun. Kapteyn's Star is believed to be the closest of these.  The star is a member of a local cluster of halo stars that is very thinly spread out over a distance of some 6,500 to 9,800 light-years stretching towards the galactic halo.<ref>http://adsbit.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1996AJ....112.2661E</ref>  Kapteyn's Star is unusual because most such stars lie far above or below the galactic plane.  Like other halo stars, Kapteyn's Star does have an extremely elliptical galactic orbit and is believed to be among the oldest stars in the galaxy and the region around it, estimated to be some 10 billion years old or older.

In October of 2009, astronomers observing the group of stars that Kapteyn's star is a member of hypothesized that Kapteyn's Star itself is one of 14 [[halo star|halo stars]] that share the same elemental abundance as many stars in the globular cluster [[Omega Centauri]], some 17,000 light years away.<ref>http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005HiA....13..196B</ref>  Because Omega Centauri has stars of different age groups, it is theorized that it is the core remainder of a dwarf galaxy that since merged with the [[Milky Way]]. Kapteyn's Star may be one of the ancient stars of Omega Centauri perturbed into a retrograde orbit from this galactic merger.<ref>http://arxiv.org/abs/0910.3735</ref>

In October 2009, astronomers observing the group of stars that Kapteyn's star is a member of hypothesized that Kapteyn's Star itself is one of 14 [[halo star]]s that share the same elemental abundance as many stars in the globular cluster [[Omega Centauri]], some 17,000 light years away.<ref>http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005HiA....13..196B</ref>  Because Omega Centauri has stars of different age groups, it is theorized that it is the core remainder of a dwarf galaxy that since merged with the [[Milky Way]]. Kapteyn's Star may be one of the ancient stars of Omega Centauri perturbed into a retrograde orbit from this galactic merger.<ref>http://arxiv.org/abs/0910.3735</ref>

There are no known sub-stellar companions around Kapteyn's Star at this time. However the star is classified as a "Tier 1" target star for [[NASA|NASA's]] optical [[Space Interferometry Mission]] that will search for rocky worlds, due to its proximity to our system.  For an [[Earth]]-like world to have liquid water on its surface, the world would have to be around 0.26 AUs from the star, or about half of [[Mercury|Mercury's]] distance from the sun. Such a world would be tidally locked to the star<ref name="sol">http://www.solstation.com/stars/kapteyns.htm</ref>.

There are no known sub-stellar companions around Kapteyn's Star at this time. However the star is classified as a "Tier 1" target star for [[NASA|NASA's]] optical [[Space Interferometry Mission]] that will search for rocky worlds, due to its proximity to our system.  For an [[Earth]]-like world to have liquid water on its surface, the world would have to be around 0.26 AUs from the star, or about half of [[Mercury|Mercury's]] distance from the sun. Such a world would be tidally locked to the star.<ref name="sol"/>

[[Category:Astronomy]]

[[Category:Astronomy]]