Changes

== Structure ==

== Structure ==

Mossad is based in [[Tel Aviv]].  Estimates for the number of staff is between 1,000 and 2,000.  As it is a civilian service there are no military ranks, though most members of Mossad have served in the [[IDF]].  Applications can be completed online.<ref>[https://www.mossad.gov.il/Eng/recruit/Register/Explanations.aspx Online application form]</ref>  There are assumed to be 8 departments, each one having specific responsibilities.  Some of the details about the agency are unknown.  The largest department is the Collections department.  It is responsible for espionage and intelligence gathering abroad.  Political Actions and Liaison communicates with other foreign intelligence agencies.  The Special Operations (METSADA) department performs the assassinations, the sabotage, and the paramilitary and psychological operations.  The LAP (Lohamah Psichlogit) Department conducts psychological warfare, propaganda and deception operations.  The Research department is responsible for producing intelligence reports from 15 different geographical areas.  The Technology department develops surveillance and weaponry. <ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/world/israel/mossad.htm GlobalSecurity.org profile]</ref>

Mossad is based in [[Tel Aviv]].  Estimates for the number of staff is between 1,000 and 2,000.  As it is a civilian service there are no military ranks, though most members of Mossad have served in the [[IDF]].  Applications can be completed online.<ref>[https://www.mossad.gov.il/Eng/recruit/Register/Explanations.aspx Online application form]</ref>  There are assumed to be 8 departments, each one having specific responsibilities.  Some of the details about the agency are unknown.  The largest department is the Collections department.  It is responsible for espionage and intelligence gathering abroad.  Political Actions and Liaison communicates with other foreign intelligence agencies.  The Special Operations (METSADA) department performs the assassinations, the sabotage, and the paramilitary and psychological operations.  The LAP (Lohamah Psichlogit) Department conducts psychological warfare, propaganda and deception operations.  The Research department is responsible for producing intelligence reports from 15 different geographical areas.  The Technology department develops surveillance and weaponry.<ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/world/israel/mossad.htm GlobalSecurity.org profile]</ref>

== History ==

== History ==

=== Operation Susannah ===

=== Operation Susannah ===

Operation Susannah was a [[false flag]] operation conducted in 1954 by [[Israel|Israeli]]-backed terrorists in Egypt against [[United States|American]] and [[United Kingdom|British]] targets, designed to appear as though Egyptian Arabs had carried out the attacks.  Israeli agents had infiltrated Egyptian society and recruited Egyptian-born Jews to carry out the operation.

Operation Susannah was a [[false flag]] operation conducted in 1954 by [[Israel]]i-backed terrorists in Egypt against [[United States|American]] and [[United Kingdom|British]] targets, designed to appear as though Egyptian Arabs had carried out the attacks.  Israeli agents had infiltrated Egyptian society and recruited Egyptian-born Jews to carry out the operation.

The U.S. Information Agency libraries in Alexandria and Cairo as well as a British-owned theater were bombed on July 14, 1954.  No injuries or casualties occurred during the bombings, except to one of the bombers, when his bomb exploded prematurely.  Egyptian authorities uncovered the operation, initially not realizing it was an Israeli operation.  After the Israeli spy ring was broken up, trials followed.  Two suspects were acquitted, while two culprits were hanged, and several others were sentenced to lengthy prison terms.  One or two other operatives committed suicide.  

The U.S. Information Agency libraries in Alexandria and Cairo as well as a British-owned theater were bombed on July 14, 1954.  No injuries or casualties occurred during the bombings, except to one of the bombers, when his bomb exploded prematurely.  Egyptian authorities uncovered the operation, initially not realizing it was an Israeli operation.  After the Israeli spy ring was broken up, trials followed.  Two suspects were acquitted, while two culprits were hanged, and several others were sentenced to lengthy prison terms.  One or two other operatives committed suicide.  

=== Eichmann's capture ===

=== Eichmann's capture ===

Mossad is most famous for successfully tracking down and capturing [[Nazi]] [[war criminal]] [[Adolf Eichmann]].  In 1960, Mossad learned that Eichmann was in [[Argentina]].  After tracking him down and watching him for some time, Mossad agents kidnapped him as he got off his bus.<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/813770.html Haggai Hitron, ''The monster is in handcuffs', ''Haaretz'', January 16, 2007]</ref>  He was then smuggled out of Argentina to [[Israel]].  Eichmann was tried, convicted, and hanged on June 1st, 1962.

Mossad is most famous for successfully tracking down and capturing [[Nazi]] [[war criminal]] [[Adolf Eichmann]].  In 1960, Mossad learned that Eichmann was in [[Argentina]].  After tracking him down and watching him for some time, Mossad agents kidnapped him as he got off his bus.<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/813770.html Haggai Hitron, ''The monster is in handcuffs', ''Haaretz'', January 16, 2007]</ref>  He was then smuggled out of Argentina to [[Israel]].  Eichmann was tried, convicted, and hanged on June 1, 1962.

=== Lillehammer Affair ===

=== Lillehammer Affair ===

On July 21, 1973 in Lillehammer, Norway the Mossad conducted an assassination of an innocent Moroccan waiter they falsely believed to have been responsible for the [[Black September]] terrorist attacks.  This was done in front of his pregnant wife.<ref>http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2000/mar/02/israel</ref>  The Israeli government has refused to claim responsibility for the murder, though they provided compensation to the victim's family. <ref>http://www.nytimes.com/1996/01/28/world/world-news-briefs-israelis-to-compensate-family-of-slain-waiter.html</ref>

On July 21, 1973 in Lillehammer, Norway the Mossad conducted an assassination of an innocent Moroccan waiter they falsely believed to have been responsible for the [[Black September]] terrorist attacks.  This was done in front of his pregnant wife.<ref>http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2000/mar/02/israel</ref>  The Israeli government has refused to claim responsibility for the murder, though they provided compensation to the victim's family.<ref>http://www.nytimes.com/1996/01/28/world/world-news-briefs-israelis-to-compensate-family-of-slain-waiter.html</ref>

==Trial ''in absentia''==

==Trial ''in absentia''==

In 1991 the publication of a book entitled ''By Way of Deception'' by former Mossad operative Victor Ostrovsky created quite a stir in discussing some of the operations of the Israeli government and Mossad.  Ostovsky told of the Israeli Cabinet’s use of trial ''in absentia'' for enemies of the Jewish people.  While trial ''in absentia'' is not recognized in Anglo-American jurisprudence, it has been used in the [[Soviet Union]] and other countries formerly referred to as the [[Eastern bloc]].  The [[fifth amendment]] to the U.S. Constitution guarantees  the rights of the accused to face their accusers, this provision was waived however during the [[Nuremberg War Crimes Tribunal]] <ref>[https://law.wustl.edu/journal/1/p13arbour.pdf The Prosecution of International Crimes: Prospects and Pitfalls,] Justice Louise Arbour, Presentation given at the Holocaust Memorial Lecturer, Washington University on 28 October 1998.

In 1991 the publication of a book entitled ''By Way of Deception'' by former Mossad operative Victor Ostrovsky created quite a stir in discussing some of the operations of the Israeli government and Mossad.  Ostovsky told of the Israeli Cabinet’s use of trial ''in absentia'' for enemies of the Jewish people.  While trial ''in absentia'' is not recognized in Anglo-American jurisprudence, it has been used in the [[Soviet Union]] and other countries formerly referred to as the [[Eastern bloc]].  The [[fifth amendment]] to the U.S. Constitution guarantees  the rights of the accused to face their accusers, this provision was waived however during the [[Nuremberg War Crimes Tribunal]] <ref>[https://law.wustl.edu/journal/1/p13arbour.pdf The Prosecution of International Crimes: Prospects and Pitfalls,] Justice Louise Arbour, Presentation given at the Holocaust Memorial Lecturer, Washington University on 28 October 1998.

Justice Arbour was appointed the Chief Prosecutor for the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda by the United Nations Security Council in 1996. Justice Arbour served during a leave-of-absence from her position as a Justice of the Ontario Court of Appeals.</ref> in the case of [[Martin Bormann]], <ref>[http://killeenroos.com/5/NAZISTUF.htm#Borman German Nazi Party of World War II, Bormann]  

Justice Arbour was appointed the Chief Prosecutor for the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda by the United Nations Security Council in 1996. Justice Arbour served during a leave-of-absence from her position as a Justice of the Ontario Court of Appeals.</ref> in the case of [[Martin Bormann]],<ref>[http://killeenroos.com/5/NAZISTUF.htm#Borman German Nazi Party of World War II, Bormann]  

Retrieved from the Killeen Harker Heights Connections collection, 05/26/07. </ref> [[Hitler]]’s chief adjutant.  Bormann was indicted, found guilty, and sentenced to death ''[[in absentia]]''.

Retrieved from the Killeen Harker Heights Connections collection, 05/26/07.</ref> [[Hitler]]’s chief adjutant.  Bormann was indicted, found guilty, and sentenced to death ''[[in absentia]]''.

Ostrovsky describes how the government of Israel has assumed the responsibility for defending Jews worldwide against the enemies of the Jewish people.  Ostrovsky declares the Israeli Cabinet will sit as a jury of sorts and hear cases, the Attorney General functioning as the prosecutor. A “public defender” of sorts is appointed  to argue the Defendant’s case ''in absentia'' when an individual may be accused of committing crimes against the Jewish people.  The most famous high profile case is [[Adolf Eichmann]], whose kidnapping from Argentina created an international controversy in 1963; a citizen of one country, had been kidnapped for committing crimes in another country, to stand trial in a third country, which did not exist at the time the crimes occurred. <ref>Simon Wiesenthal, ''The Murderers Among Us'', Paris: Opera Mundi, 1967.</ref>

Ostrovsky describes how the government of Israel has assumed the responsibility for defending Jews worldwide against the enemies of the Jewish people.  Ostrovsky declares the Israeli Cabinet will sit as a jury of sorts and hear cases, the Attorney General functioning as the prosecutor. A “public defender” of sorts is appointed  to argue the Defendant’s case ''in absentia'' when an individual may be accused of committing crimes against the Jewish people.  The most famous high profile case is [[Adolf Eichmann]], whose kidnapping from Argentina created an international controversy in 1963; a citizen of one country, had been kidnapped for committing crimes in another country, to stand trial in a third country, which did not exist at the time the crimes occurred.<ref>Simon Wiesenthal, ''The Murderers Among Us'', Paris: Opera Mundi, 1967.</ref>

During the secret cabinet proceedings, evidence is presented by the prosecution, the appointed defense counsel makes a defense, and the Cabinet as whole votes upon guilt or innocence.  A second vote then occurs on whether to dispatch Mossad to apprehend the individual to stand public trial in Israel, as was the case with Eichmann, or to pass the [[death sentence]].  If the death sentence is passed, then the Israeli Prime Minister excising sovereignty must sign a death warrant ordering Mossad to do the execution, as is alleged to be the cases with [[Gerald Bull]] and [[Robert Maxwell]].

During the secret cabinet proceedings, evidence is presented by the prosecution, the appointed defense counsel makes a defense, and the Cabinet as whole votes upon guilt or innocence.  A second vote then occurs on whether to dispatch Mossad to apprehend the individual to stand public trial in Israel, as was the case with Eichmann, or to pass the [[death sentence]].  If the death sentence is passed, then the Israeli Prime Minister excising sovereignty must sign a death warrant ordering Mossad to do the execution, as is alleged to be the cases with [[Gerald Bull]] and [[Robert Maxwell]].

* Danny Yatom, 1996-1998

* Danny Yatom, 1996-1998

* Ephraim Halevy, 1998-2002

* Ephraim Halevy, 1998-2002

* Meir Dagan, 2002-Present

* Meir Dagan, 2002–Present

==See also==

==See also==

== References ==

== References ==

== Sources ==

== Sources ==