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[[Image:Kamal.jpg|right|240px]]
[[Image:Kamal.jpg|right|240px]]
'''Kamal Atatürk''' or '''Mustafa Kemal Atatürk''' ((May 19, 1881 – November 10, 1938) was an army officer, revolutionary statesman, the founder of the Republic of [[Turkey]] and its first president. He was a successful division commander in the [[Battle of Gallipoli]]. When the [[Allies]] defeated the [[Ottoman Empire]] and arranged for its partition, he led a rebellion in the [[Turkish War of Independence]]. From Sep 9, 1923 to Nov 10, 1938, he was also leader of the Republican People's Party.
'''Kamal Atatürk''' or '''Mustafa Kemal Atatürk''' (May 19, 1881 – November 10, 1938) was an army officer, revolutionary statesman, the founder of the Republic of [[Turkey]] and its first president. He was a successful division commander in the [[Battle of Gallipoli]]. When the [[Allies]] defeated the [[Ottoman Empire]] and arranged for its partition, he led a rebellion in the [[Turkish War of Independence]]. From Sep 9, 1923 to Nov 10, 1938, he was also leader of the Republican People's Party.
Kemal deposed the last sultan of the [[Ottoman Empire]] in 1922 and became president of Turkey in 1923. It is estimated that over 99% of Turks are [[Muslim]] [https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/tu.html#People], but Kemal established a [[secular state|secular rule]] based on a strong military. He abolished Islamic courts and gave women the right to vote and hold government positions. As a result of his efforts, Turkey is the only Muslim country to independently hold democratic elections.
Kemal deposed the last sultan of the [[Ottoman Empire]] in 1922 and became president of Turkey in 1923. It is estimated that over 99% of Turks are [[Muslim]] [https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/tu.html#People], but Kemal established a [[secular state|secular rule]] based on a strong military. He abolished Islamic courts and gave women the right to vote and hold government positions. As a result of his efforts, Turkey is the only Muslim country to independently hold democratic elections.
* Çandar, Cengiz, and David Pryce-Jones. "Atatürk's Ambiguous Legacy." ''Wilson Quarterly'' 2000 24(4): 88-96. Issn: 0363-3276 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]
* Çandar, Cengiz, and David Pryce-Jones. "Atatürk's Ambiguous Legacy." ''Wilson Quarterly'' 2000 24(4): 88-96. Issn: 0363-3276 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]
* Eissenstat, Howard. "History and Historiography: Politics and Memory in the Turkish Republic." ''Contemporary European History'' 2003 12(1): 93-105. Issn: 0960-7773 Fulltext: in Cambridge journals.
* Eissenstat, Howard. "History and Historiography: Politics and Memory in the Turkish Republic." ''Contemporary European History'' 2003 12(1): 93-105. Issn: 0960-7773 Fulltext: in Cambridge journals.
* Karpat, Kemal H. "The Personality of Ataturk," ''The American Historical Review'', Vol. 90, No. 4 (Oct., 1985), pp. 893-899 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-8762(198510)90%3A4%3C893%3ATPOA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Q in JSTOR]
* Karpat, Kemal H. "The Personality of Ataturk," ''The American Historical Review'', Vol. 90, No. 4 (Oct., 1985), pp. 893–899 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-8762(198510)90%3A4%3C893%3ATPOA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Q in JSTOR]
* Kazancigil, Ali and Özbudun, Ergun, eds. ''Atatürk: Founder of a Modern State.'' Archon, 1982. 243 pp.
* Kazancigil, Ali and Özbudun, Ergun, eds. ''Atatürk: Founder of a Modern State.'' Archon, 1982. 243 pp.
* Kedourie, Sylvia, ed. ''Seventy-Five Years of the Turkish Republic.'' (1999). 237 pp.
* Kedourie, Sylvia, ed. ''Seventy-Five Years of the Turkish Republic.'' (1999). 237 pp.
* Mango, Andrew. ''Ataturk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey'' (1999) [http://www.amazon.com/Ataturk-Biography-founder-Modern-Turkey/dp/158567334X/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196105830&sr=8-1rpt and text search]
* Mango, Andrew. ''Ataturk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey'' (1999) [http://www.amazon.com/Ataturk-Biography-founder-Modern-Turkey/dp/158567334X/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196105830&sr=8-1rpt and text search]
* Tachau, Frank. ''Kemal Ataturk'' (1987)
* Tachau, Frank. ''Kemal Ataturk'' (1987)
* Trask, Roger R. "The United States and Turkish Nationalism: Investments and Technical Aid during the Ataturk Era," ''Business History Review,'' Vol. 38, No. 1, International Government-Business Issue (Spring, 1964), pp. 58-77 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0007-6805(196421)38%3A1%3C58%3ATUSATN%3E2.0.CO%3B2-D in JSTOR]
* Trask, Roger R. "The United States and Turkish Nationalism: Investments and Technical Aid during the Ataturk Era," ''Business History Review,'' Vol. 38, No. 1, International Government-Business Issue (Spring, 1964), pp. 58–77 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0007-6805(196421)38%3A1%3C58%3ATUSATN%3E2.0.CO%3B2-D in JSTOR]
* Volkan, Vamik D., and Norman Itzko. ''The Immortal Ataturk--A Psychobiography'' (1984)
* Volkan, Vamik D., and Norman Itzko. ''The Immortal Ataturk--A Psychobiography'' (1984)
* Weiker, Walter F. ''The Modernization of Turkey: From Ataturk to the Present Day'' (1981) [http://www.questia.com/read/43183327 online edition]
* Weiker, Walter F. ''The Modernization of Turkey: From Ataturk to the Present Day'' (1981) [http://www.questia.com/read/43183327 online edition]