Changes

==Neo-Taíno nations==

==Neo-Taíno nations==

 

===Ciboney===

===Ciboney===

Ciboney (or Siboney) from Cuba.

Ciboney (or Siboney) from Cuba.

===Ciguayo===

===Ciguayo===

Ciguayo from ‘Quisqueya’ (now the Dominican Republic <ref> Wilson, 1990</ref>) circa 1500 AD this was the kingdom Cacigazgo of Cacique Guacangarí.  Language and customs differed from high Taíno who lived on the eastern part of the same island of Hispaniola.  

Ciguayo from ‘Quisqueya’ (now the Dominican Republic <ref>Wilson, 1990</ref>) circa 1500 AD this was the kingdom Cacigazgo of Cacique Guacangarí.  Language and customs differed from high Taíno who lived on the eastern part of the same island of Hispaniola.  

===Lucaya===

===Lucaya===

===Macorix===

===Macorix===

Macorix, also from Quisquaya and now the Dominican Republic.  They used a language aid mutually unintelligible with Taíno, requiring bilingual abilities which may have been related to the Ciguayo tongue. <ref>Wilson, 1990 </ref>

Macorix, also from Quisquaya and now the Dominican Republic.  They used a language aid mutually unintelligible with Taíno, requiring bilingual abilities which may have been related to the Ciguayo tongue.<ref>Wilson, 1990</ref>

===Guanahatabey===

===Guanahatabey===

===Eyeri/Kaliphuna===

===Eyeri/Kaliphuna===

The captured neo-Taina women held by the Carib, who spoke Eyeri, a language similar to Taíno; <ref>Breton, 1665 http://www.centrelink.org/General.html</ref>. The Adult Carib spoke the Carib language and used a variant of Carib for trade and ceremony <ref> Wilson, 1990; Rouse, 1992</ref>.   It is possible to speculate, that because the Carib stole women from the neo-Taino nations and incorporated them into their culture.  The Carib advance from the South American mainland through the minor Antilles, never resulted in permanent settlements of Caribs, since they were being assimilated in this fashion by their captured neo-Taina women.  It is said that Hatuey, the first known Cuban Island rebel was part Carib.  

The captured neo-Taina women held by the Carib, who spoke Eyeri, a language similar to Taíno;.<ref>Breton, 1665 http://www.centrelink.org/General.html</ref>  The Adult Carib spoke the Carib language and used a variant of Carib for trade and ceremony.<ref>Wilson, 1990; Rouse, 1992</ref>  It is possible to speculate, that because the Carib stole women from the neo-Taino nations and incorporated them into their culture.  The Carib advance from the South American mainland through the minor Antilles, never resulted in permanent settlements of Caribs, since they were being assimilated in this fashion by their captured neo-Taina women.  It is said that Hatuey, the first known Cuban Island rebel was part Carib.  

== Further reading ==

== Further reading ==

Albury, Paul 1975 The Story of the Bahamas. MacMillan Education Limited, London and Basingstoke. p. 19 “After the first screams of despair, terror took such sole possession of the Lucayan’s mind and body that it robbed him of the ability to defend himself. He became a jellied mass of sweating, trembling, helpless flesh. Men, women, and children were bound with ropes, stacked in the cane and taken to Carib land. There the males were mutilated, tortured and finally eaten.”

Albury, Paul 1975 The Story of the Bahamas. MacMillan Education Limited, London and Basingstoke. p.&nbsp;19 “After the first screams of despair, terror took such sole possession of the Lucayan’s mind and body that it robbed him of the ability to defend himself. He became a jellied mass of sweating, trembling, helpless flesh. Men, women, and children were bound with ropes, stacked in the cane and taken to Carib land. There the males were mutilated, tortured and finally eaten.”

Alonso José Ramón 2004 (accessed 11/7/2005).  Panorama histórico-crítico sobre el estudio del arte rupestre de Punta del Este, Cuba.  http://rupestreweb.tripod.com/puntadeleste.html

Alonso José Ramón 2004 (accessed 11/7/2005).  Panorama histórico-crítico sobre el estudio del arte rupestre de Punta del Este, Cuba.  http://rupestreweb.tripod.com/puntadeleste.html

Barreiro, José 1989. Indians in Cuba. Cultural Survival Quarterly 13 (3) 56-60.

Barreiro, José 1989. Indians in Cuba. Cultural Survival Quarterly 13 (3) 56-60.

Barreiro, José 1990 A Note on Tainos: Whither Progress? Northeast Indian Quarterly Fall, 1990, pp. 66-77. http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/41/013.html http://www.uctp.org/ANoteonTainos.html

Barreiro, José 1990 A Note on Tainos: Whither Progress? Northeast Indian Quarterly Fall, 1990, pp.&nbsp;66–77. http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/41/013.html http://www.uctp.org/ANoteonTainos.html

Barreiro, José 2005 In Cuba the cry was for water. Indian Country Today part one October 13, part two October 20, 2005.  (accessed October 25, 2005) http://www.indiancountry.com/content.cfm?id=1096411742 http://www.indiancountry.com/content.cfm?id=1096411782

Barreiro, José 2005 In Cuba the cry was for water. Indian Country Today part one October 13, part two October 20, 2005.  (accessed October 25, 2005) http://www.indiancountry.com/content.cfm?id=1096411742 http://www.indiancountry.com/content.cfm?id=1096411782

Biarakú (a Taino Cultural Interest Group) 2003 Taíno Short Dictionary http://www.biaraku.com/taino_short_dictionary.pdf

Biarakú (a Taino Cultural Interest Group) 2003 Taíno Short Dictionary http://www.biaraku.com/taino_short_dictionary.pdf

Beltran, Juan. 1924. Bojeo de Cuba por Sebastian de O’Campo. El Universal, Havana p. 9 paragraph 3 "Vista de los Azules y aun tal vez vagamente presentada al misterioso reflejo de los lambentes, que andando los días había de servir de base a la poética y sentimental Luz de Yara..."

Beltran, Juan. 1924. Bojeo de Cuba por Sebastian de O’Campo. El Universal, Havana p.&nbsp;9 paragraph 3 "Vista de los Azules y aun tal vez vagamente presentada al misterioso reflejo de los lambentes, que andando los días había de servir de base a la poética y sentimental Luz de Yara..."

Black, Clinton V. 1965. History of Jamaica.  3rd edition Collins Clear Type Press, London and Glasgow.

Black, Clinton V. 1965. History of Jamaica.  3rd edition Collins Clear Type Press, London and Glasgow.

Carrada, Alfred 2003 (Accessed 11/5/2005) Dictionary of the Taino language http://www.alfredcarrada.org/dictionary.html

Carrada, Alfred 2003 (Accessed 11/5/2005) Dictionary of the Taino language http://www.alfredcarrada.org/dictionary.html

de las Casas, Bartolomé (circa 1474-1566, 1995 reprinting). "Historia de las Indias" Cultura Economica, Mexico City (Casas vol. 2, p. 521-522).

de las Casas, Bartolomé (circa 1474-1566, 1995 reprinting). "Historia de las Indias" Cultura Economica, Mexico City (Casas vol. 2, p.&nbsp;521-522).

Castellanos, Juan de.  1874  Elegia VI. Elegías de varones ilustres de Indias. Madrid: M. Rivadeneyra, pp. 14-17.

Castellanos, Juan de.  1874  Elegia VI. Elegías de varones ilustres de Indias. Madrid: M. Rivadeneyra, pp.&nbsp;14–17.

Castellanos Garcia, Gerardo 1927. "Tierras y Glorias de Oriente (Calixto Garcia Iñiguez)" Editorial Hermes Havana p. 155.

Castellanos Garcia, Gerardo 1927. "Tierras y Glorias de Oriente (Calixto Garcia Iñiguez)" Editorial Hermes Havana p.&nbsp;155.

Cienfuegos page (sampled September 9, 2004) Leyendas de Cienfuegos,  Las Mulatas. http://www.cienfuegoscuba.galeon.com/lasmulatas.htm

Cienfuegos page (sampled September 9, 2004) Leyendas de Cienfuegos,  Las Mulatas. http://www.cienfuegoscuba.galeon.com/lasmulatas.htm

Florida Fish and Wild Life Commission (Division of Marine Fisheries) 2002 Land Crabs (Cardisoma guanhumi). September 2002 http://www.floridaconservation.org/commission/2002/sept/LANDCRABS.pdf

Florida Fish and Wild Life Commission (Division of Marine Fisheries) 2002 Land Crabs (Cardisoma guanhumi). September 2002 http://www.floridaconservation.org/commission/2002/sept/LANDCRABS.pdf

Gautier Benítez, José. Romance. El Progreso (Periódico), 24 de agosto de 1873. p. 3.

Gautier Benítez, José. Romance. El Progreso (Periódico), 24 de agosto de 1873. p.&nbsp;3.

Gomez de la Maza y Jimenez, Manuel and Juan Tomas Roig y Mesa 1914. Flora de Cuba (Datos para su estudio)  Rambla, Bouza y Cia, Havana.

Gomez de la Maza y Jimenez, Manuel and Juan Tomas Roig y Mesa 1914. Flora de Cuba (Datos para su estudio)  Rambla, Bouza y Cia, Havana.

Gulf States Maine Fisheries Commission 2003 Cairina moschata Linnaeus,

Gulf States Maine Fisheries Commission 2003 Cairina moschata Linnaeus,

Granberry, Julian, and Gary Vescelius 2004 Languages of the Pre-Columbian Antilles University Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, ISBN: 081735123X

Granberry, Julian, and Gary Vescelius 2004 Languages of the Pre-Columbian Antilles University Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, ISBN 081735123X

Haslip-Viera, Gabriel (Editor) 2001 Taíno Revival: Critical Perspectives on Puerto Rican Identity and Cultural Politics. Markus Wiener Publishers, Princeton N.J. ISBN: 1558762590  

Haslip-Viera, Gabriel (Editor) 2001 Taíno Revival: Critical Perspectives on Puerto Rican Identity and Cultural Politics. Markus Wiener Publishers, Princeton N.J. ISBN 1558762590  

Herbold, Stacey. Jamaican Patois and the Power of Language in Reggae Music http://debate.uvm.edu/dreadlibrary/herbold.html The only evidence of the Arawak dialect in Jamaica today is a few loan words, place names, food, natural objects, and events (hurricane) (Lalla and D’Costa, 1990). Xaymaca is actually an Arawak word meaning "island of springs", which is where the name Jamaica is derived from (Pryce, 1997). It is possible that the first contact of the Arawaks and the Spaniards may have led to an early pidgin or bilingualism among the first generation of mixed blood.”

Herbold, Stacey. Jamaican Patois and the Power of Language in Reggae Music http://debate.uvm.edu/dreadlibrary/herbold.html The only evidence of the Arawak dialect in Jamaica today is a few loan words, place names, food, natural objects, and events (hurricane) (Lalla and D’Costa, 1990). Xaymaca is actually an Arawak word meaning "island of springs", which is where the name Jamaica is derived from (Pryce, 1997). It is possible that the first contact of the Arawaks and the Spaniards may have led to an early pidgin or bilingualism among the first generation of mixed blood.”

de la Sagra, Ramón 1843. Historia física, política y natural de la Isla de Cuba, Libreria de Arthus Bertrand, Paris.

de la Sagra, Ramón 1843. Historia física, política y natural de la Isla de Cuba, Libreria de Arthus Bertrand, Paris.

Schwartz, Marion. 1997. A History of Dogs in the Early Americas. Yale University Press, New Haven pp. 76-78.

Schwartz, Marion. 1997. A History of Dogs in the Early Americas. Yale University Press, New Haven pp.&nbsp;76–78.

Sears, William H. 1977.  Seaborne contacts between early cultures in the lower southeastern United States and Middle (-) through South America. In: The Sea in the pre-Colombian World.  Elizabeth P. Benson, editor. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collections, Trustees for Harvard University, Washington, D.C. pp. 1-15.

Sears, William H. 1977.  Seaborne contacts between early cultures in the lower southeastern United States and Middle (-) through South America. In: The Sea in the pre-Colombian World.  Elizabeth P. Benson, editor. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collections, Trustees for Harvard University, Washington, D.C. pp.&nbsp;1–15.

Suarez, Constantino 1921 Vocabulario Cubano, Libreria Cervantes, Havana and Perlado, Páez y Cía, Madrid.  

Suarez, Constantino 1921 Vocabulario Cubano, Libreria Cervantes, Havana and Perlado, Páez y Cía, Madrid.  

Vespucio, Américo (circa 1454-1512), Fragments and Letters found at: http://www.e-libro.net/E-libro-viejo/gratis/nvomundo.pdf http://www.unsl.edu.ar/librosgratis/gratis/nvomundo.pdf

Vespucio, Américo (circa 1454-1512), Fragments and Letters found at: http://www.e-libro.net/E-libro-viejo/gratis/nvomundo.pdf http://www.unsl.edu.ar/librosgratis/gratis/nvomundo.pdf

http://www.banrep.gov.co/blaavirtual/credencial/hamerica.htm   

http://www.banrep.gov.co/blaavirtual/credencial/hamerica.htm   

Wilbert, Johannes1977. Navigators of the Winter Sun In: The Sea in the pre-Colombian World.  Elizabeth P. Benson, editor. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collections, Trustees for Harvard University, Washington, D.C. pp. 16-44.

Wilbert, Johannes1977. Navigators of the Winter Sun In: The Sea in the pre-Colombian World.  Elizabeth P. Benson, editor. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collections, Trustees for Harvard University, Washington, D.C. pp.&nbsp;16–44.

Vazquez Doris M. 1993 (accessed 11/7/2005) Puerto Rican Folktales

Vazquez Doris M. 1993 (accessed 11/7/2005) Puerto Rican Folktales

http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1993/2/93.02.12.x.html#top

http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1993/2/93.02.12.x.html#top

Wilson, Samuel M. 1990  Hispaniola Caribbean Cheifdoms in the Age of Columbus. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa and London. ISBN: 0817304622

Wilson, Samuel M. 1990  Hispaniola Caribbean Cheifdoms in the Age of Columbus. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa and London. ISBN 0817304622

Zayas y Alfonso, Alfredo 1914. “Lexografía Antillana” El Siglo XX Press, Havana.

Zayas y Alfonso, Alfredo 1914. “Lexografía Antillana” El Siglo XX Press, Havana.