Changes

== Background ==

== Background ==

Papal infallibility was established during the [[First Vatican Council]] in 1871. At the time, [[Italy]] was being formed and the [[Catholic Church]] was losing its political status in the world. The Church wanted to clarify its authority with regard to these events.  It was the favored idea of [[Pope Pius IX]],  (reigned 1846-78), supported by around 50 devoted bishops and the Jesuits.  Most of the opposition came from the 88 French bishops in attendance. The majority (45) supported the Pope but a minority of 25 held to both a [[Gallican]], and in some cases a 'modernist,' line. Eventually the minority fell in line and the [[ultramontane]] position of the Pope was completely dominant inside the Catholic Church.<ref> Margaret O'Gara, ''Triumph in Defeat: Infallibility, Vatican I, and the French Minority Bishops'' (1988) </ref>

Papal infallibility was established during the [[First Vatican Council]] in 1871. At the time, [[Italy]] was being formed and the [[Catholic Church]] was losing its political status in the world. The Church wanted to clarify its authority with regard to these events.  It was the favored idea of [[Pope Pius IX]],  (reigned 1846–78), supported by around 50 devoted bishops and the Jesuits.  Most of the opposition came from the 88 French bishops in attendance. The majority (45) supported the Pope but a minority of 25 held to both a [[Gallican]], and in some cases a 'modernist,' line. Eventually the minority fell in line and the [[ultramontane]] position of the Pope was completely dominant inside the Catholic Church.<ref>Margaret O'Gara, ''Triumph in Defeat: Infallibility, Vatican I, and the French Minority Bishops'' (1988)</ref>

== Conditions for Infallibility ==

== Conditions for Infallibility ==

==Protestant protests==

==Protestant protests==

British Prime Minister [[William E. Gladstone]] denounced the dogma of papal infallibility as a threat to the civil allegiance of Roman Catholics. His 'Expostulation' sparked a brief but intense controversy, notable for the personalities involved, such as Cardinals Newman and Manning and Lord Acton. While Catholics replied to Gladstone, he received almost no Protestant support. The controversy provided the last occasion for anti-Catholic agitation in England and marked the demise of anti-Catholicism as an overt political issue.<ref> Josef L. Altholz, "The Vatican Decrees Controversy, 1874-1875," ''Catholic Historical Review'' 1972 57(4): 593-605 </ref>  

British Prime Minister [[William E. Gladstone]] denounced the dogma of papal infallibility as a threat to the civil allegiance of Roman Catholics. His 'Expostulation' sparked a brief but intense controversy, notable for the personalities involved, such as Cardinals Newman and Manning and Lord Acton. While Catholics replied to Gladstone, he received almost no Protestant support. The controversy provided the last occasion for anti-Catholic agitation in England and marked the demise of anti-Catholicism as an overt political issue.<ref>Josef L. Altholz, "The Vatican Decrees Controversy, 1874-1875," ''Catholic Historical Review'' 1972 57(4): 593-605</ref>  

The doctrine of papal infallibility has often been a principal subject of American Protestants opposing the Catholic Church. Various arguments are articulated, with proof texts for papal infallibility being contended against.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=CEMtAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false John Harvey Treat, Johann Augustus Bolles, G. H. Houghton Butler, ''The Catholic faith, or, Doctrines of the Church of Rome contrary to scripture and the primitive church'', pp. 480ff]</ref><ref>[http://www.iclnet.org/pub/resources/text/cri/cri-jrnl/web/crj0185a.html What Think Ye of Rome? Part Four: The Catholic-Protestant Debate on Papal Infallibility], Christian Research Journal, Fall 1994, page 24</ref> <ref>[http://vintage.aomin.org/Palm%20response.html White, ''A Response to David Palm's Article on Oral Tradition from This Rock Magazine, May, 1995'']</ref><ref>[http://vintage.aomin.org/Porvaz.htmlWhite, ''A Response to an Argument for Infallibility'']</ref><ref>[http://vintage.aomin.org/credenda.html White, ''Of Athanasius and Infallibility'']</ref><ref>[http://vintage.aomin.org/Presbyters.html White, ''Exegetica: Roman Catholic Apologists Practice Eisegesis in Scripture and Patristics'']</ref><ref>E.J.V. Huiginn, ''From Rome to Protestantism", The Forum, Volume 5, p. 111</ref><ref>Peter De Rosa, ''Vicars of Christ: the Dark Side of the Papacy''</ref><ref>Harold O. J. Brown, ''Protest of a Troubled Protestant'', New Rochelle, NY: Arlington House, 1969; p. 122</ref> <ref>Williston Walker, ''A History of the Christian Church'', 3d ed. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1970; p. 67</ref><ref>E.J.V. Huiginn, ''From Rome to Protestantism", The Forum, Volume 5, pp. 109-110</ref>

The doctrine of papal infallibility has often been a principal subject of American Protestants opposing the Catholic Church. Various arguments are articulated, with proof texts for papal infallibility being contended against.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=CEMtAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false John Harvey Treat, Johann Augustus Bolles, G. H. Houghton Butler, ''The Catholic faith, or, Doctrines of the Church of Rome contrary to scripture and the primitive church'', pp. 480ff]</ref><ref>[http://www.iclnet.org/pub/resources/text/cri/cri-jrnl/web/crj0185a.html What Think Ye of Rome? Part Four: The Catholic-Protestant Debate on Papal Infallibility], Christian Research Journal, Fall 1994, page 24</ref><ref>[http://vintage.aomin.org/Palm%20response.html White, ''A Response to David Palm's Article on Oral Tradition from This Rock Magazine, May, 1995'']</ref><ref>[http://vintage.aomin.org/Porvaz.htmlWhite, ''A Response to an Argument for Infallibility'']</ref><ref>[http://vintage.aomin.org/credenda.html White, ''Of Athanasius and Infallibility'']</ref><ref>[http://vintage.aomin.org/Presbyters.html White, ''Exegetica: Roman Catholic Apologists Practice Eisegesis in Scripture and Patristics'']</ref><ref>E.J.V. Huiginn, ''From Rome to Protestantism", The Forum, Volume 5, p. 111</ref><ref>Peter De Rosa, ''Vicars of Christ: the Dark Side of the Papacy''</ref><ref>Harold O. J. Brown, ''Protest of a Troubled Protestant'', New Rochelle, NY: Arlington House, 1969; p. 122</ref><ref>Williston Walker, ''A History of the Christian Church'', 3d ed. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1970; p. 67</ref><ref>E.J.V. Huiginn, ''From Rome to Protestantism", The Forum, Volume 5, pp. 109-110</ref>

==Further reading==

==Further reading==