Changes

'''Pope John XXIII''' (1881-1963) was one of the most influential popes in history, despite his short reign from 1958 to 1963.  He called the [[Vatican II]] Council, which modernized the [[Roman Catholic Church]]. Renowned for his simplicity, humor, and charity, he was one of the most beloved popes of modern times.  

'''Pope John XXIII''' (1881-1963) was one of the most influential popes in history, despite his short reign from 1958 to 1963.  He called the [[Vatican II]] Council, which modernized the [[Roman Catholic Church]]. Renowned for his simplicity, humor, and charity, he was one of the most beloved popes of modern times.  

[[File:John-23.jpg|right|thumb|250px|[[Pope John XXIII ]] reigned 1958-63]]

[[File:John-23.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Pope John XXIII reigned 1958-63]]

==Career==

==Career==

His brilliant diplomatic career began in 1925 when [[Pope Pius XI]] made him archbishop and apostolic visitor to Bulgaria. In 1934 he moved to Istanbul as apostolic delegate to [[Turkey]] and [[Greece]]. His pastoral initiatives and his ecumenical approach, particularly to the Greek Orthodox Church, combined with his diplomatic activities were of fundamental importance to the development of his thinking and as experimentation for the many innovations he implemented during his pontificate.  

His brilliant diplomatic career began in 1925 when [[Pope Pius XI]] made him archbishop and apostolic visitor to Bulgaria. In 1934 he moved to Istanbul as apostolic delegate to [[Turkey]] and [[Greece]]. His pastoral initiatives and his ecumenical approach, particularly to the Greek Orthodox Church, combined with his diplomatic activities were of fundamental importance to the development of his thinking and as experimentation for the many innovations he implemented during his pontificate.  

He cooperated with Chaim Barlas, head of the rescue delegation of the Jewish community in Palestine in order to save as many Jews as possible from the Nazis. Roncalli held an intense correspondence with the Vatican and its various offices, constantly warning the Holy See and urging it to act. In his conversations with Barlas, Roncalli expressed criticism of Pope Pius XII's slow response to the [[Holocaust]] and that Roncalli was the first to send to Rome the 'Auschwitz Protocols,' which he had received from Barlas.<ref>Dina Porat, "Tears, Protocols and Actions in a Wartime Triangle: Pius XII, Roncalli and Barlas," ''Cristianesimo Nella Storia'' 2006 27(2): 599-632 34p. </ref>  

He cooperated with Chaim Barlas, head of the rescue delegation of the Jewish community in Palestine in order to save as many Jews as possible from the Nazis. Roncalli held an intense correspondence with the Vatican and its various offices, constantly warning the Holy See and urging it to act. In his conversations with Barlas, Roncalli expressed criticism of Pope Pius XII's slow response to the [[Holocaust]] and that Roncalli was the first to send to Rome the 'Auschwitz Protocols,' which he had received from Barlas.<ref>Dina Porat, "Tears, Protocols and Actions in a Wartime Triangle: Pius XII, Roncalli and Barlas," ''Cristianesimo Nella Storia'' 2006 27(2): 599-632 34p.</ref>  

After France was liberated by the Allies, [[Pope Pius XII]] named him papal nuncio to France in late 1944. Roncalli remained neutral in French politics, except when criticizing nationalism or Communism and pleading for Catholic unity. Roncalli took the ultramontane position in opposition the [[Gallicanism]] when he rejected the French government's request for power to dismiss and appoint bishops.  

After France was liberated by the Allies, [[Pope Pius XII]] named him papal nuncio to France in late 1944. Roncalli remained neutral in French politics, except when criticizing nationalism or Communism and pleading for Catholic unity. Roncalli took the ultramontane position in opposition the [[Gallicanism]] when he rejected the French government's request for power to dismiss and appoint bishops.  

* Cahill, Thomas. ''Pope John XXIII'' (2002) [http://www.amazon.com/Pope-John-XXIII-Penguin-Lives/dp/0670030570/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1254590453&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]

* Cahill, Thomas. ''Pope John XXIII'' (2002) [http://www.amazon.com/Pope-John-XXIII-Penguin-Lives/dp/0670030570/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1254590453&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]

*  Hebblethwaite, Peter, and Margaret Hebblethwaite. ''John XXIII: Pope of the Century'' (2005) [http://www.amazon.com/John-Xxiii-Century-Peter-Hebblethwaite/dp/0860123871/ref=sr_1_7?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1254590453&sr=1-7 excerpt and text search]

*  Hebblethwaite, Peter, and Margaret Hebblethwaite. ''John XXIII: Pope of the Century'' (2005) [http://www.amazon.com/John-Xxiii-Century-Peter-Hebblethwaite/dp/0860123871/ref=sr_1_7?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1254590453&sr=1-7 excerpt and text search]

** Alberto Melloni, "Review: Pope John XXIII: Open Questions for a Biography," ''Catholic Historical Review'', Vol. 72, No. 1 (Jan., 1986), pp. 51-67 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25022191 in JSTOR]

** Alberto Melloni, "Review: Pope John XXIII: Open Questions for a Biography," ''Catholic Historical Review'', Vol. 72, No. 1 (Jan., 1986), pp.&nbsp;51–67 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25022191 in JSTOR]

* Hoffmann, Peter. "Roncalli in the Second World War: Peace Initiatives, the Greek Famine and the Persecution of the Jews," ''Journal of Ecclesiastical History'' 1989 40(1): 74-99  

* Hoffmann, Peter. "Roncalli in the Second World War: Peace Initiatives, the Greek Famine and the Persecution of the Jews," ''Journal of Ecclesiastical History'' 1989 40(1): 74-99  

====references====

====References====

<references/>

<references/>

[[category:Catholic Church]]

[[Category:Catholic Church]]

[[Category:Popes]]

[[Category:Popes]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:John XXIII, Pope}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:John XXIII, Pope}}