Changes

Reasonable justifications can include:<ref>''id.''</ref>

Reasonable justifications can include:<ref>''id.''</ref>

*stimulating interbrand competition -- the competition among manufacturers selling different brands of the same type of product -- by reducing intrabrand competition -- the competition among retailers selling the same brand. The promotion of interbrand competition is important because "the primary purpose of the antitrust laws is to protect [this type of] competition." Khan, 522 U.S., at 15, 118 S. Ct. 275, 139 L. Ed. 2d 199.  

*stimulating interbrand competition—the competition among manufacturers selling different brands of the same type of product—by reducing intrabrand competition—the competition among retailers selling the same brand. The promotion of interbrand competition is important because "the primary purpose of the antitrust laws is to protect [this type of] competition." Khan, 522 U.S., at 15, 118 S. Ct. 275, 139 L. Ed. 2d 199.  

*a single manufacturer's use of vertical price restraints tends to eliminate intrabrand price competition; this in turn encourages retailers to invest in tangible or intangible services or promotional efforts that aid the manufacturer's position as against rival manufacturers.  

*a single manufacturer's use of vertical price restraints tends to eliminate intrabrand price competition; this in turn encourages retailers to invest in tangible or intangible services or promotional efforts that aid the manufacturer's position as against rival manufacturers.  

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[[category:Business]]

[[Category:Business]]

[[category:antitrust]]

[[Category:Antitrust]]