Changes

In earlier research of the origins of Dutch society, a number of myths shaped the scholarly discourse as well as the national consciousness. Led by the great scholar [[Hugo Grotius]] (1583-1645) historians in the 17th and 18th centuries believed in the "Batavian myth" which posited the existence of an independent and free Batavian state and society in the Roman period. They interpreted the revolt of the Batavi in AD 70 as the earliest Dutch war of freedom against tyranny; the founders of the new Dutch "Batavian Republic" in 1795 saw themselves as recreating this heroic action. By 1890, scholars realized the myth was false, but Civilis, leader of the Batavians, remained in the national consciousness.<ref>E. O. G. Haitsma Mulier, "De Bataafse Mythe Opnieuw Bekeken" [The Batavian Myth Viewed Anew]. ''Bijdragen En Mededelingen Betreffende De Geschiedenis Der Nederlanden'' (1996) 111(3): 344-367.</ref>

In earlier research of the origins of Dutch society, a number of myths shaped the scholarly discourse as well as the national consciousness. Led by the great scholar [[Hugo Grotius]] (1583-1645) historians in the 17th and 18th centuries believed in the "Batavian myth" which posited the existence of an independent and free Batavian state and society in the Roman period. They interpreted the revolt of the Batavi in AD 70 as the earliest Dutch war of freedom against tyranny; the founders of the new Dutch "Batavian Republic" in 1795 saw themselves as recreating this heroic action. By 1890, scholars realized the myth was false, but Civilis, leader of the Batavians, remained in the national consciousness.<ref>E. O. G. Haitsma Mulier, "De Bataafse Mythe Opnieuw Bekeken" [The Batavian Myth Viewed Anew]. ''Bijdragen En Mededelingen Betreffende De Geschiedenis Der Nederlanden'' (1996) 111(3): 344-367.</ref>

In the 19th century, scholars influenced by Romanticism propounded the idea that the Franks, Frisians, and Saxons were not only the oldest ancestors of the Dutch people, but also that the modern descendants reflected the original values and strengths. The idea caught on and was taught in the schools, for this theory explained why the Belgians (Franks) were Catholic and the Frisians and Saxons were Protestant. The success of this theory of origins was partly due to theories in anthropology, which were were based on a tribal paradigm. Being politically and geographically inclusive and leaving at the same time space for diversity, this historical vision filled the needs of Dutch nation-building and integration in the period 1890-1914. However, the disadvantages of this historical interpretation soon became apparent. It suggested there were no strong external borders, while allowing for the fairly clear-cut internal borders that were emerging as the society pillarized into three separate parts based on religion.  Especially during the Second World War, the origins myth proved to be no defense against the dangers of regional separatism and annexation to Germany. After 1945, the tribal paradigm lost its grip on anthropology; the "three-tribes-theme" was also fundamentally questioned and slowly faded away.<ref>Marnix Beyen, "A Tribal Trinity: the Rise and Fall of the Franks, the Frisians and the Saxons in the Historical Consciousness of the Netherlands since 1850." ''European History Quarterly'' 2000 30(4): 493-532. Issn: 0265-6914 Fulltext: [[EBSCO]]</ref>

In the 19th century, scholars influenced by Romanticism propounded the idea that the Franks, Frisians, and Saxons were not only the oldest ancestors of the Dutch people, but also that the modern descendants reflected the original values and strengths. The idea caught on and was taught in the schools, for this theory explained why the Belgians (Franks) were Catholic and the Frisians and Saxons were Protestant. The success of this theory of origins was partly due to theories in anthropology, which were based on a tribal paradigm. Being politically and geographically inclusive and leaving at the same time space for diversity, this historical vision filled the needs of Dutch nation-building and integration in the period 1890-1914. However, the disadvantages of this historical interpretation soon became apparent. It suggested there were no strong external borders, while allowing for the fairly clear-cut internal borders that were emerging as the society pillarized into three separate parts based on religion.  Especially during the Second World War, the origins myth proved to be no defense against the dangers of regional separatism and annexation to Germany. After 1945, the tribal paradigm lost its grip on anthropology; the "three-tribes-theme" was also fundamentally questioned and slowly faded away.<ref>Marnix Beyen, "A Tribal Trinity: the Rise and Fall of the Franks, the Frisians and the Saxons in the Historical Consciousness of the Netherlands since 1850." ''European History Quarterly'' 2000 30(4): 493-532. Issn: 0265-6914 Fulltext: [[EBSCO]]</ref>

===Roman Empire===

===Roman Empire===

Amsterdam's regents provided good services to residents. They spent heavily on the water-ways and other essential infrastructure, as well as municipal almshouses for the elderly, hospitals and churches.  

Amsterdam's regents provided good services to residents. They spent heavily on the water-ways and other essential infrastructure, as well as municipal almshouses for the elderly, hospitals and churches.  

Amsterdam's wealth was generated by its commerce, which was in turn sustained by the judicious encouragement of entrepreneurs whatever their origin. This open door policy has been interpreted as proof of a tolerant ruling class. But toleration was practiced for the convenience of the city. Therefore the wealthy Sephardic Jews from Portugal were welcomed and accorded all privileges except those of citizenship, but the poor Ashkenazi Jews from Eastern Europe were far more carefully vetted and those who became dependent on the city were encouraged to move on. Similarly, provision for the housing of Huguenot immigrants was made in 1681 when [[Louis XIV]]'s religious policy was beginning to drive these Protestants out of France; no encouragement was given to the dispossessed Dutch from the countryside or other towns of Holland. The regents encouraged immigrants to build churches and provided sites or buildings for churches and temples for all but the most radical sects and the native Catholics by the 1670s (although even the Catholics could practice quietly in a chapel within the Beguinhof).

Amsterdam's wealth was generated by its commerce, which was in turn sustained by the judicious encouragement of entrepreneurs whatever their origin. This open door policy has been interpreted as proof of a tolerant ruling class. But toleration was practiced for the convenience of the city. Therefore, the wealthy Sephardic Jews from Portugal were welcomed and accorded all privileges except those of citizenship, but the poor Ashkenazi Jews from Eastern Europe were far more carefully vetted and those who became dependent on the city were encouraged to move on. Similarly, provision for the housing of Huguenot immigrants was made in 1681 when [[Louis XIV]]'s religious policy was beginning to drive these Protestants out of France; no encouragement was given to the dispossessed Dutch from the countryside or other towns of Holland. The regents encouraged immigrants to build churches and provided sites or buildings for churches and temples for all but the most radical sects and the native Catholics by the 1670s (although even the Catholics could practice quietly in a chapel within the Beguinhof).

===Foreign policy===

===Foreign policy===

===19th Century===

===19th Century===

After Napoleon's final defeat at Waterloo in 1815, his enemies, gathered at the [[Congress of Vienna]] where they validated secret wartime treaties. They created the '''Kingdom of the Netherlands''' as a buffer against France, by uniting all the lowlands under [[William I (Nethelands)|William]] (1772-1843), who took the title of William I (1815-1840).  Protestants were only a quarter of the population, being a majority in the Netherlands (population 2 million), but were few among the 3.5 million Belgians, who were overwhelmingly Catholic. Nevertheless they totally controlled the government and army. The Catholics did not consider themselves an integral part of the modern Netherlands, preferring instead to identify with medieval Dutch culture.  In the 1860s, during their conflicts with Rome, Catholics finally joined the mainstream and proved they were real Netherlanders.

After Napoleon's final defeat at Waterloo in 1815, his enemies, gathered at the [[Congress of Vienna]] where they validated secret wartime treaties. They created the '''Kingdom of the Netherlands''' as a buffer against France, by uniting all the lowlands under [[William I (Nethelands)|William]] (1772-1843), who took the title of William I (1815-1840).  Protestants were only a quarter of the population, being a majority in the Netherlands (population 2 million), but were few among the 3.5 million Belgians, who were overwhelmingly Catholic. Nevertheless, they totally controlled the government and army. The Catholics did not consider themselves an integral part of the modern Netherlands, preferring instead to identify with medieval Dutch culture.  In the 1860s, during their conflicts with Rome, Catholics finally joined the mainstream and proved they were real Netherlanders.

The first 15 years of the Kingdom showed progress and prosperity, as industrialization proceeded rapidly in the south, where the [[Industrial Revolution]] allowed entrepreneurs and labor to combine in a new textile industry, powered by local [[Coal mining, history of|coal mines]]. The was little industry in the northern provinces, but most overseas colonies were restored, and highly profitable trade resumed after a 25 year hiatus.

The first 15 years of the Kingdom showed progress and prosperity, as industrialization proceeded rapidly in the south, where the [[Industrial Revolution]] allowed entrepreneurs and labor to combine in a new textile industry, powered by local [[Coal mining, history of|coal mines]]. The was little industry in the northern provinces, but most overseas colonies were restored, and highly profitable trade resumed after a 25-year hiatus.

King William I was the key figure in the transition of the Netherlands to a modern state. An enlightened despot, he had no difficulty in accepting the social transformations of the previous 25 years, including equality of all before the law; he was, however, a Calvinist intolerant of the Catholic majority.  He promulgated the "Fundamental Law of Holland", with some modifications, which entirely overthrew the old order of things, suppressed the clergy as an order, abolished the privileges of the Catholic Church, and guaranteed the enjoyment of the same civil and political rights to every subject of the king, and equal protection to every religious creed. It reflected the spirit of the French Revolution, but it did not please the Catholic bishops, who detested the Revolution.<ref>See Godefroid Kurth, "Belgium" in [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02395a.htm ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' (1907) online]</ref>

King William I was the key figure in the transition of the Netherlands to a modern state. An enlightened despot, he had no difficulty in accepting the social transformations of the previous 25 years, including equality of all before the law; he was, however, a Calvinist intolerant of the Catholic majority.  He promulgated the "Fundamental Law of Holland", with some modifications, which entirely overthrew the old order of things, suppressed the clergy as an order, abolished the privileges of the Catholic Church, and guaranteed the enjoyment of the same civil and political rights to every subject of the king, and equal protection to every religious creed. It reflected the spirit of the French Revolution, but it did not please the Catholic bishops, who detested the Revolution.<ref>See Godefroid Kurth, "Belgium" in [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02395a.htm ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' (1907) online]</ref>

In the Catholic south ('''Belgium'''),<ref>see [http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/lowcountries/neth18151830.html online maps 1830, 1839]</ref> William's policies were unpopular. The French-speaking Walloons strenuously rejected his attempt to make Dutch the universal language of government. Flemings in the south spoke a Dutch dialect (Flemish) and welcomed the encouragement of Dutch with a revival of literature and popular culture. Other Flemings, notably the educated bourgeoisie, preferred to speak French. Although Catholics possessed legal equality, after centuries as the state church in the south, they resented their subordination to a government that was fundamentally Protestant in spirit and membership. Few Catholics held high office in state or army.  Political liberals in the south complained as well about the king's authoritarian methods. All southerners complained of underrepresentation in the national legislature. Although the south was industrializing and was more prosperous than the north the accumulated grievances allowed the multiple opposition forces to coalesce. The outbreak of revolution in France in 1830 was a signal for action, at first on behalf of autonomy for Belgium, as the southern provinces were now called, and later on behalf of total independence. William dithered and his half-hearted efforts to reconquer Belgium were thwarted both by the efforts of the Belgians themselves and by the diplomatic opposition of the great powers.  

In the Catholic south ('''Belgium'''),<ref>see [http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/lowcountries/neth18151830.html online maps 1830, 1839]</ref> William's policies were unpopular. The French-speaking Walloons strenuously rejected his attempt to make Dutch the universal language of government. Flemings in the south spoke a Dutch dialect (Flemish) and welcomed the encouragement of Dutch with a revival of literature and popular culture. Other Flemings, notably the educated bourgeoisie, preferred to speak French. Although Catholics possessed legal equality, after centuries as the state church in the south, they resented their subordination to a government that was fundamentally Protestant in spirit and membership. Few Catholics held high office in state or army.  Political liberals in the south complained as well about the king's authoritarian methods. All southerners complained of underrepresentation in the national legislature. Although the south was industrializing and was more prosperous than the north the accumulated grievances allowed the multiple opposition forces to coalesce. The outbreak of revolution in France in 1830 was a signal for action, at first on behalf of autonomy for Belgium, as the southern provinces were now called, and later on behalf of total independence. William dithered and his half-hearted efforts to reconquer Belgium were thwarted both by the efforts of the Belgians themselves and by the diplomatic opposition of the great powers.  

At the the London Conference of 1830–31, the chief powers of Europe ordered (in November, 1830) an armistice between the Dutch and the Belgians. The first draft for a treaty of separation of Belgium and the Netherlands was rejected by the Belgians. A second draft (June, 1831) was rejected by William I, who resumed hostilities. Franco-British intervention forced William to withdraw Dutch forces from Belgium late in 1831, and in 1833 an armistice of indefinite duration was concluded. Belgium was effectively independent but William’s attempts to recover Luxembourg and Limburg led to renewed tension. The London Conference of 1838–39 prepared the final Dutch-Belgian separation treaty of 1839 and divided Luxembourg and Limburg between the Dutch and Belgian crowns. The Kingdom of the Netherlands thereafter was made up of only the 11 northern provinces.<ref>J. C. H. Blom and E. Lamberts, eds. ''History of the Low Countries'' (1999) pp 297-312</ref>

At the London Conference of 1830–31, the chief powers of Europe ordered (in November, 1830) an armistice between the Dutch and the Belgians. The first draft for a treaty of separation of Belgium and the Netherlands was rejected by the Belgians. A second draft (June, 1831) was rejected by William I, who resumed hostilities. Franco-British intervention forced William to withdraw Dutch forces from Belgium late in 1831, and in 1833 an armistice of indefinite duration was concluded. Belgium was effectively independent but William’s attempts to recover Luxembourg and Limburg led to renewed tension. The London Conference of 1838–39 prepared the final Dutch-Belgian separation treaty of 1839 and divided Luxembourg and Limburg between the Dutch and Belgian crowns. The Kingdom of the Netherlands thereafter was made up of only the 11 northern provinces.<ref>J. C. H. Blom and E. Lamberts, eds. ''History of the Low Countries'' (1999) pp 297-312</ref>

====Liberalism====

====Liberalism====

During the 1930s the Netherlands, like other developed Western economies, suffered much from unemployment and the Depression.  The economy was based on trade and agriculture. there was some manufacturing, led by Unilever (soap), Shell (oil refining) and Philips (light bulbs).  World trade levels declines sharply, leaving the large Dutch merchant fleet with less business; one third of the ships were laid up.  Unemployment reached 17% in 1936, then began a slow decline.  GDP fell below the level of the prosperous 1920s.  The politically system continued to function normally, with Catholic and Calvinist religious parties in control. There was little mass unrest or Communist activity and the Socialist party remained weak.  

During the 1930s the Netherlands, like other developed Western economies, suffered much from unemployment and the Depression.  The economy was based on trade and agriculture. there was some manufacturing, led by Unilever (soap), Shell (oil refining) and Philips (light bulbs).  World trade levels declines sharply, leaving the large Dutch merchant fleet with less business; one third of the ships were laid up.  Unemployment reached 17% in 1936, then began a slow decline.  GDP fell below the level of the prosperous 1920s.  The politically system continued to function normally, with Catholic and Calvinist religious parties in control. There was little mass unrest or Communist activity and the Socialist party remained weak.  

====Dutch East Indies====

====Dutch East Indies====

In the overseas empire, especially the Dutch East Indies (later renamed [[Indonesia]]) the fall in commodity prices caused a sharp economic decline, as exports fell by two-thirds. Since a fourth of all Dutch wealth was invested there, investors were badly hurt. The colonial government pursued a policy of "indianization," which meant training more and more locals Indonesians for civil service jobs. There was no self government; a local council was only advisory to the governor. Demands for self-government were rising rapidly among the 67 million inhabitants, most of them Moslems.

In the overseas empire, especially the Dutch East Indies (later renamed [[Indonesia]]) the fall in commodity prices caused a sharp economic decline, as exports fell by two-thirds. Since a fourth of all Dutch wealth was invested there, investors were badly hurt. The colonial government pursued a policy of "indianization," which meant training more and more locals Indonesians for civil service jobs. There was no self-government; a local council was only advisory to the governor. Demands for self-government were rising rapidly among the 67 million inhabitants, most of them Moslems.

====Dutch fascism====

====Dutch fascism====

A small fringe element of Dutch fascists existed from 1929 to 1940. They were inspired by Mussolini's Italy and was based on traditional corporate ideology. The movement was small, elitist, and consisted of competing bourgeois political associations. It was opposed by the Catholic Church. Nazi-style National Socialism, also existed as an even smaller fringe group; it failed to gain mass support because its ideology was alien to native Dutch political culture.  It too was opposed by the Catholic Church.<ref>Erik Hansen, "Fascism and Nazism in the Netherlands 1929-39." ''European Studies Review'' 1981 11(3): 355-385. Issn: 0014-3111</ref>

A small fringe element of Dutch fascists existed from 1929 to 1940. They were inspired by Mussolini's Italy and was based on traditional corporate ideology. The movement was small, elitist, and consisted of competing bourgeois political associations. It was opposed by the Catholic Church. Nazi-style National Socialism, also existed as an even smaller fringe group; it failed to gain mass support because its ideology was alien to native Dutch political culture.  It too was opposed by the Catholic Church.<ref>Erik Hansen, "Fascism and Nazism in the Netherlands 1929-39." ''European Studies Review'' 1981 11(3): 355-385. Issn: 0014-3111</ref>

* Hirschfeld, Gerhard. ''Nazi Rule and Dutch Collaboration: The Netherlands under German Occupation, 1940–1945'' (1988)

* Hirschfeld, Gerhard. ''Nazi Rule and Dutch Collaboration: The Netherlands under German Occupation, 1940–1945'' (1988)

* Jacob, Margaret C., and Wijnand W. Mijnhardt, eds. ''The Dutch Republic in the Eighteenth Century Decline, Enlightenment and Revolution,''(1992)

* Jacob, Margaret C., and Wijnand W. Mijnhardt, eds. ''The Dutch Republic in the Eighteenth Century Decline, Enlightenment and Revolution,''(1992)

* Joppke, Christian. "Transformation of Immigrant Integration: Civic Integration and Antidiscrimination in the Netherlands, France, and Germany, ''World Politics'' 59.2 (2007) 243-273 in [[Project Muse]]

* Joppke, Christian. "Transformation of Immigrant Integration: Civic Integration and Antidiscrimination in the Netherlands, France, and Germany, ''World Politics'' 59.2 (2007) 243-273 in Project Muse

*  Koopmans, Ruud, et al. ''Contested Citizenship: Immigration and Cultural Diversity in Europe'' (2005) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0816646635/ref=sib_dp_bod_toc?ie=UTF8&p=S006#reader-link excerpt and text search]

*  Koopmans, Ruud, et al. ''Contested Citizenship: Immigration and Cultural Diversity in Europe'' (2005) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0816646635/ref=sib_dp_bod_toc?ie=UTF8&p=S006#reader-link excerpt and text search]

* Lijphart, Arend. ''The Politics of Accomodation. Pluralism and Democracy in the Netherlands'' (2nd ed. 1975), on pillarization

* Lijphart, Arend. ''The Politics of Accomodation. Pluralism and Democracy in the Netherlands'' (2nd ed. 1975), on pillarization

* Corwin, E.T. "Holland," [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc05.h.ix.html ''The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge,'' (1914) 5:319-22], details on Protestant churches

* Corwin, E.T. "Holland," [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc05.h.ix.html ''The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge,'' (1914) 5:319-22], details on Protestant churches

* Dekker, Rudolf.  ''Childhood, Memory and Autobiography in Holland: From the Golden Age to Romanticism.'' (2001). 174 pp.   

* Dekker, Rudolf.  ''Childhood, Memory and Autobiography in Holland: From the Golden Age to Romanticism.'' (2001). 174 pp.   

* Goudriaan, Koen et al, eds. ''Education and Learning in the Netherlands, 1400-1600: Essays in Honour of Hilde de Ridder-Symoens'' (2004) [http://www.questia.com/read/109302376?title=Education%20and%20Learning%20in%20the%20Netherlands%2c%201400-1600%3a%20%20Essays%20in%20Honour%20of%20Hilde%20de%20Ridder-Symoens online edition]

* Goudriaan, Koen et al., eds. ''Education and Learning in the Netherlands, 1400-1600: Essays in Honour of Hilde de Ridder-Symoens'' (2004) [http://www.questia.com/read/109302376?title=Education%20and%20Learning%20in%20the%20Netherlands%2c%201400-1600%3a%20%20Essays%20in%20Honour%20of%20Hilde%20de%20Ridder-Symoens online edition]

* Grijzenhout, Frans and Veen, Henk van, eds.  ''The Golden Age of Dutch Painting in Historical Perspective.'' (1999). 333 pp.   

* Grijzenhout, Frans and Veen, Henk van, eds.  ''The Golden Age of Dutch Painting in Historical Perspective.'' (1999). 333 pp.   

* Hsia, R. Po-Chia, and Henk Van Nierop, eds. ''Calvinism and Religious Toleration in the Dutch Golden Age'' (2002) [http://www.questia.com/read/105474116?title=Calvinism%20and%20Religious%20Toleration%20in%20the%20Dutch%20Golden%20Age online edition]

* Hsia, R. Po-Chia, and Henk Van Nierop, eds. ''Calvinism and Religious Toleration in the Dutch Golden Age'' (2002) [http://www.questia.com/read/105474116?title=Calvinism%20and%20Religious%20Toleration%20in%20the%20Dutch%20Golden%20Age online edition]

* Israel, Jonathan, and Reinier Salverda. ''Dutch Jewry: Its History and Secular Culture (1500-2000)'' (2002) [http://www.questia.com/read/109301994?title=Dutch%20Jewry%3a%20%20Its%20History%20and%20Secular%20Culture%20(1500-2000) online eedition]

* Israel, Jonathan, and Reinier Salverda. ''Dutch Jewry: Its History and Secular Culture (1500-2000)'' (2002) [http://www.questia.com/read/109301994?title=Dutch%20Jewry%3a%20%20Its%20History%20and%20Secular%20Culture%20(1500-2000) online eedition]

* Kiers, Judikje and Tissink, Fieke.  ''The Golden Age of Dutch Art: Painting, Sculpture, Decorative Art.'' (2000). 366 pp.   

* Kiers, Judikje and Tissink, Fieke.  ''The Golden Age of Dutch Art: Painting, Sculpture, Decorative Art.'' (2000). 366 pp.   

* Lucassen, Leo. "Bringing Structure Back In: Economic and Political Determinants of Immigration in Dutch Cities, 1920-1940," ''Social Science History'' 26#3, Fall 2002, pp.&nbsp;503–529 in [[Project Muse]]

* Lucassen, Leo. "Bringing Structure Back In: Economic and Political Determinants of Immigration in Dutch Cities, 1920-1940," ''Social Science History'' 26#3, Fall 2002, pp.&nbsp;503–529 in Project Muse

* Mak, Geert.  ''Amsterdam: Brief Life of the City.'' (2000). 352 pp.   

* Mak, Geert.  ''Amsterdam: Brief Life of the City.'' (2000). 352 pp.   

* Mathijs, Ernest, ed.  ''The Cinema of the Low Countries.'' (2004). 268 pp.  

* Mathijs, Ernest, ed.  ''The Cinema of the Low Countries.'' (2004). 268 pp.  

* Muller, Sheila D.  ''Dutch Art: An Encyclopedia.'' (1997). 489 pp.   

* Muller, Sheila D.  ''Dutch Art: An Encyclopedia.'' (1997). 489 pp.   

* O'Brien, Patrick Karl; Keene, Derek J.; Wee, Herman Van der; and Hart, Marjolein t', eds.  ''Urban Achievement in Early Modern Europe: Golden Ages in Antwerp, Amsterdam and London.'' (2001). 361 pp.  [http://www.amazon.com/Urban-Achievement-Early-Modern-Europe/dp/0521594081/ref=sr_1_14?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1209805742&sr=1-14 excerpt and text search]

* O'Brien, Patrick Karl; Keene, Derek J.; Wee, Herman Van der; and Hart, Marjolein t', eds.  ''Urban Achievement in Early Modern Europe: Golden Ages in Antwerp, Amsterdam and London.'' (2001). 361 pp.  [http://www.amazon.com/Urban-Achievement-Early-Modern-Europe/dp/0521594081/ref=sr_1_14?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1209805742&sr=1-14 excerpt and text search]

* Oostindie, Gert, and Bert Paasman. "Dutch Attitudes Towards Colonial Empires, Indigenous Cultures, and Slaves," ''Eighteenth-Century Studies'' 31#3, Spring 1998, pp.&nbsp;349–355 in [[Project Muse]]

* Oostindie, Gert, and Bert Paasman. "Dutch Attitudes Towards Colonial Empires, Indigenous Cultures, and Slaves," ''Eighteenth-Century Studies'' 31#3, Spring 1998, pp.&nbsp;349–355 in Project Muse

* Poppel, F. W. A. van, and Hugo Roling. "Physicians and Fertility Control in the Netherlands," ''Journal of Interdisciplinary History'' 34#2 Autumn 2003, pp.&nbsp;155–185 in [[Project Muse]]

* Poppel, F. W. A. van, and Hugo Roling. "Physicians and Fertility Control in the Netherlands," ''Journal of Interdisciplinary History'' 34#2 Autumn 2003, pp.&nbsp;155–185 in Project Muse

* Price, J. L.  ''Dutch Society, 1588-1713.'' (2000). 306 pp.   

* Price, J. L.  ''Dutch Society, 1588-1713.'' (2000). 306 pp.   

* Schama, Simon. ''The Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1987. ISBN 0394510755. Very well written survey [http://www.amazon.com/Embarrassment-Riches-Interpretation-Culture-Golden/dp/0679781242/ref=pd_bbs_4?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1209443552&sr=8-4 excerpt and text search]

* Schama, Simon. ''The Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1987. ISBN 0394510755. Very well written survey [http://www.amazon.com/Embarrassment-Riches-Interpretation-Culture-Golden/dp/0679781242/ref=pd_bbs_4?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1209443552&sr=8-4 excerpt and text search]

===Dutch Empire and economic history===

===Dutch Empire and economic history===

* Andrade, Tonio. "The Rise and Fall of Dutch Taiwan, 1624-1662: Cooperative Colonization and the Statist Model of European Expansion." ''Journal of World History'' 2006 17(4): 429-450. Issn: 1045-6007 Fulltext: [[Project Muse]]

* Andrade, Tonio. "The Rise and Fall of Dutch Taiwan, 1624-1662: Cooperative Colonization and the Statist Model of European Expansion." ''Journal of World History'' 2006 17(4): 429-450. Issn: 1045-6007 Fulltext: Project Muse

* Arasaratnam, Sinnappah. ''Ceylon and the Dutch, 1600-1800: External Influences and Internal Change in Early Modern Sri Lanka'' (1996), 332pp

* Arasaratnam, Sinnappah. ''Ceylon and the Dutch, 1600-1800: External Influences and Internal Change in Early Modern Sri Lanka'' (1996), 332pp

* Aymard, Maurice, ed. ''Dutch Capitalism and World Capitalism'' (1982).  

* Aymard, Maurice, ed. ''Dutch Capitalism and World Capitalism'' (1982).  

* Van Hoesel, Roger, and Rajneesh Narula. ''Multinational Enterprises from the Netherlands'' (1999) [http://www.questia.com/read/103819399?title=Multinational%20Enterprises%20from%20the%20Netherlands online edition]

* Van Hoesel, Roger, and Rajneesh Narula. ''Multinational Enterprises from the Netherlands'' (1999) [http://www.questia.com/read/103819399?title=Multinational%20Enterprises%20from%20the%20Netherlands online edition]

* Veenendaal, Augustus.  ''Railways in the Netherlands: A Brief History.'' (2001) 235 pp.

* Veenendaal, Augustus.  ''Railways in the Netherlands: A Brief History.'' (2001) 235 pp.

* Vink, Markus. "'The World's Oldest Trade': Dutch Slavery and Slave Trade in the Indian Ocean in the Seventeenth Century," ''Journal of World History'' 24.2 (2003) 131-177 in [[Project Muse]]

* Vink, Markus. "'The World's Oldest Trade': Dutch Slavery and Slave Trade in the Indian Ocean in the Seventeenth Century," ''Journal of World History'' 24.2 (2003) 131-177 in Project Muse

* Vries, Jan de, and Ad van der  Woude.  ''The First Modern Economy: Success, Failure, and Perseverance of the Dutch Economy, 1500-1815.'' (1997). 767 pp.   

* Vries, Jan de, and Ad van der  Woude.  ''The First Modern Economy: Success, Failure, and Perseverance of the Dutch Economy, 1500-1815.'' (1997). 767 pp.   

**Arthur van Riel, "Review: Rethinking the Economic History of the Dutch Republic: The Rise and Decline of Economic Modernity Before the Advent of Industrialized Growth," ''The Journal of Economic History,'' Vol. 56, No. 1 (Mar., 1996), pp.&nbsp;223–229 [http://www.jstor.org/pss/2124027 in JSTOR]

**Arthur van Riel, "Review: Rethinking the Economic History of the Dutch Republic: The Rise and Decline of Economic Modernity Before the Advent of Industrialized Growth," ''The Journal of Economic History,'' Vol. 56, No. 1 (Mar., 1996), pp.&nbsp;223–229 [http://www.jstor.org/pss/2124027 in JSTOR]