Changes

===Young diplomat===

===Young diplomat===

When his father was sent as minister to Europe by the Continental Congress, young John Quincy Adams went with him.  He remained in Europe for the next nine years.  While in France he studied at the Passy Academy.  Later John Adams sent his son to Leiden University, where learned both Latin and Greek.  When American diplomat, Francis Dana, looked for a interpreter to travel with him to Russia, Adams, who knew Russian, volunteered.  He returned to his father in Hague, Holland.  Adams assisted his father, as a secretary, while his father served as American minister to several European nations.  He returned to America and attended Harvard College, graduating in 1787.  He then studied law.  After [[Thomas Paine]] wrote an anonymous pamphlet criticizing President [[George Washington]]'s policies, Adams wrote a series of anonymous articles called "Publicola", defending the president. They were so well done people assumed his father wrote them.  He worked in law for two years until appointed by Washington as U.S. minister to Holland.<ref>[[Encyclopedia of Presidents John Quincy Adams]] by Zachary Kent, Children's Press</ref>

When his father was sent as minister to Europe by the Continental Congress, young John Quincy Adams went with him.  He remained in Europe for the next nine years.  While in France he studied at the Passy Academy.  Later John Adams sent his son to Leiden University, where learned both Latin and Greek.  When American diplomat, Francis Dana, looked for an interpreter to travel with him to Russia, Adams, who knew Russian, volunteered.  He returned to his father in Hague, Holland.  Adams assisted his father, as a secretary, while his father served as American minister to several European nations.  He returned to America and attended Harvard College, graduating in 1787.  He then studied law.  After [[Thomas Paine]] wrote an anonymous pamphlet criticizing President [[George Washington]]'s policies, Adams wrote a series of anonymous articles called "Publicola", defending the president. They were so well done people assumed his father wrote them.  He worked in law for two years until appointed by Washington as U.S. minister to Holland.<ref>[[Encyclopedia of Presidents John Quincy Adams]] by Zachary Kent, Children's Press</ref>

==Public service==

==Public service==

Disowned by the Federalists and not fully accepted by the Republicans, Adams used his Boylston Professorship of Rhetoric and Oratory at Harvard as a new base.<ref>He was appointed in 1805, after turning down the presidency of Harvard.</ref> Adams' devotion to classical rhetoric shaped his response to public issues. He remained inspired by classical rhetorical ideals long after the neo-classicalism and deferential politics of the founding generation had been eclipsed by the commercial ethos and mass democracy of the Jacksonian Era. Many of Adams's idiosyncratic positions were rooted in his abiding devotion to the Ciceronian ideal of the citizen-orator "speaking well" to promote the welfare of the polis.<ref>Lyon Rathbun, "The Ciceronian Rhetoric of John Quincy Adams." ''Rhetorica'' (2000) 18(2): 175-215.</ref>

Disowned by the Federalists and not fully accepted by the Republicans, Adams used his Boylston Professorship of Rhetoric and Oratory at Harvard as a new base.<ref>He was appointed in 1805, after turning down the presidency of Harvard.</ref> Adams' devotion to classical rhetoric shaped his response to public issues. He remained inspired by classical rhetorical ideals long after the neo-classicalism and deferential politics of the founding generation had been eclipsed by the commercial ethos and mass democracy of the Jacksonian Era. Many of Adams's idiosyncratic positions were rooted in his abiding devotion to the Ciceronian ideal of the citizen-orator "speaking well" to promote the welfare of the polis.<ref>Lyon Rathbun, "The Ciceronian Rhetoric of John Quincy Adams." ''Rhetorica'' (2000) 18(2): 175-215.</ref>

Adams was influenced by the classical republican ideal of civic eloquence espoused by British philosopher [[David Hume]].<ref>See David Hume, "Of Eloquence," in ''Essays, Political and Moral'' *1742)</ref> Adams adapted these classical republican ideals of public oratory to America, viewing the multilevel political structure as ripe for "the renaissance of Demosthenic eloquence." Adams's ''Lectures on Rhetoric and Oratory'' (1810) looks at the fate of ancient oratory, the necessity of liberty for it to flourish, and its importance as a unifying element for a new nation of diverse cultures and beliefs. Just as civic eloquence failed to gain popularity in Britain, in the United States interest faded in the second decade of the 18th century as the "public spheres of heated oratory" disappeared in favor of the private sphere.<ref>Adam S. Potkay, "Theorizing Civic Eloquence in the Early Republic: the Road from David Hume to John Quincy Adams." ''Early American Literature'' (1999) 34(2): 147-170.</ref>

Adams was influenced by the classical republican ideal of civic eloquence espoused by British philosopher [[David Hume]].<ref>See David Hume, "Of Eloquence," in ''Essays, Political and Moral'' (1742)</ref> Adams adapted these classical republican ideals of public oratory to America, viewing the multilevel political structure as ripe for "the renaissance of Demosthenic eloquence." Adams's ''Lectures on Rhetoric and Oratory'' (1810) looks at the fate of ancient oratory, the necessity of liberty for it to flourish, and its importance as a unifying element for a new nation of diverse cultures and beliefs. Just as civic eloquence failed to gain popularity in Britain, in the United States interest faded in the second decade of the 18th century as the "public spheres of heated oratory" disappeared in favor of the private sphere.<ref>Adam S. Potkay, "Theorizing Civic Eloquence in the Early Republic: the Road from David Hume to John Quincy Adams." ''Early American Literature'' (1999) 34(2): 147-170.</ref>

==Politics 1820-24==

==Politics 1820-24==