Changes

====Illinois Institute of Juvenile Research====

====Illinois Institute of Juvenile Research====

In 1931, he went to work as a sociologist for the Institute of Juvenile Research(IJR), which was run by Shaw.<ref name="ecology">[https://books.google.com/books?id=m5q3AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29 The Ecology of Prevention: Illustrating Mental Health Consultation]</ref> It was through this work that he attributed much of America's criminal activity to poverty.<ref>Alinsky, Saul. ''Rules for Radicals: A Pragmatic Primer for Realistic Radicals.'' 1. 1971.</ref>

In 1931, he went to work as a sociologist for the Institute of Juvenile Research (IJR), which was run by Shaw.<ref name="ecology">[https://books.google.com/books?id=m5q3AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29 The Ecology of Prevention: Illustrating Mental Health Consultation]</ref> It was through this work that he attributed much of America's criminal activity to poverty.<ref>Alinsky, Saul. ''Rules for Radicals: A Pragmatic Primer for Realistic Radicals.'' 1. 1971.</ref>

Clifford Shaw was a protege of Burgess, and the IJR is where Alinsky and Shaw would work to implement<ref name="ecology" /> the ''Chicago Area Project'', a major effort by Burgess.<ref name=chicagoschool /><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=o0dJJZvcE2YC&pg=PA124 The Chicago School of Sociology: Institutionalization, Diversity, and the Rise of Sociological Research]</ref><ref>[http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/yrbok21&div=6&id=&page= The Chicago Area Project], by Ernest W. Burgess, Joseph D. Lohman, and Clifford R. Shaw, 1937</ref>

Clifford Shaw was a protege of Burgess, and the IJR is where Alinsky and Shaw would work to implement<ref name="ecology" /> the ''Chicago Area Project'', a major effort by Burgess.<ref name=chicagoschool /><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=o0dJJZvcE2YC&pg=PA124 The Chicago School of Sociology: Institutionalization, Diversity, and the Rise of Sociological Research]</ref><ref>[http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/yrbok21&div=6&id=&page= The Chicago Area Project], by Ernest W. Burgess, Joseph D. Lohman, and Clifford R. Shaw, 1937</ref>

==Community Organizer==

==Community Organizer==

===Back of the Yards Neighborhood Council===

===Back of the Yards Neighborhood Council===

After parting ways with the Institute of Juvenile Research in 1939(some sources say that he was fired by Shaw<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=0j6h988fQ9QC&pg=PA23 The Origins of American Criminology]</ref>), he teamed up with Joseph Meegan<ref>[http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1994-07-09/news/9407090073_1_labor-organizer-low-cost-donna-cook Joseph Meegan, Back Of Yards Council Co-founder], [[Chicago Tribune]]</ref> where they formed the Back-Of-The-Yards Neighborhood Council(BYNC), named after an area of Chicago made famous by [[Upton Sinclair]]'s book ''[[The Jungle]]''.<ref name=rebel />  This was his first act of "community organizer," and cemented his position as a radical reformer.

After parting ways with the Institute of Juvenile Research in 1939(some sources say that he was fired by Shaw<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=0j6h988fQ9QC&pg=PA23 The Origins of American Criminology]</ref>), he teamed up with Joseph Meegan<ref>[http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1994-07-09/news/9407090073_1_labor-organizer-low-cost-donna-cook Joseph Meegan, Back Of Yards Council Co-founder], [[Chicago Tribune]]</ref> where they formed the Back-Of-The-Yards Neighborhood Council (BYNC), named after an area of Chicago made famous by [[Upton Sinclair]]'s book ''[[The Jungle]]''.<ref name=rebel />  This was his first act of "community organizer," and cemented his position as a radical reformer.

In reviewing the BYN, Alinsky made the following observation:<ref name=Kincaid>[http://sorosfiles.com/soros/2011/10/john-podesta-the-center-for-american-progress-and-the-communist-friendly-modern-progressive-movement.html John Podesta, the Center for American Progress, and the Communist-friendly Modern Progressive Movement]</ref>

In reviewing the BYN, Alinsky made the following observation:<ref name=Kincaid>[http://sorosfiles.com/soros/2011/10/john-podesta-the-center-for-american-progress-and-the-communist-friendly-modern-progressive-movement.html John Podesta, the Center for American Progress, and the Communist-friendly Modern Progressive Movement]</ref>

====Woodlawn Organization====

====Woodlawn Organization====

In the 1960's, the Temporary Woodlawn Organization(TWO) was formed on behalf of local churches to confront a plan by the University of Chicago to expand in the area, as well as work toward better neighborhood schools.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=rfhJCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA100 Urban Neighborhoods in a New Era: Revitalization Politics in the Postindustrial City]</ref><ref>[http://chronicle.uchicago.edu/001102/cohousing.shtml Residents of Woodlawn seeing improvements, as a 40-year rebuilding effort starts to pay off]</ref>  They consulted with Alinsky's Industrial Areas Foundation to help confront Mayor [[Richard J. Daley]]'s secretary of education, Benjamin Willis.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=BUsVHJuICYUC&pg=PA49 Power to the Poor: Black-Brown Coalition and the Fight for Economic Justice, 1960-1974]</ref>

In the 1960's, the Temporary Woodlawn Organization (TWO) was formed on behalf of local churches to confront a plan by the University of Chicago to expand in the area, as well as work toward better neighborhood schools.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=rfhJCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA100 Urban Neighborhoods in a New Era: Revitalization Politics in the Postindustrial City]</ref><ref>[http://chronicle.uchicago.edu/001102/cohousing.shtml Residents of Woodlawn seeing improvements, as a 40-year rebuilding effort starts to pay off]</ref>  They consulted with Alinsky's Industrial Areas Foundation to help confront Mayor [[Richard J. Daley]]'s secretary of education, Benjamin Willis.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=BUsVHJuICYUC&pg=PA49 Power to the Poor: Black-Brown Coalition and the Fight for Economic Justice, 1960-1974]</ref>

Woodlawn organized a series of protests, using negative publicity to its advantage.  In once instance, residents brought their cameras into the schools and took pictures of unoccupied desks.  during protests in front of the homes of white slumlords, black residents were bussed in where they held signs all the way up and down the streets distributing pamphlets and protesting to gather attention to the situation.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=qojgLBuEFEUC&pg=PA12 Chicago Portraits: New Edition]</ref>

Woodlawn organized a series of protests, using negative publicity to its advantage.  In once instance, residents brought their cameras into the schools and took pictures of unoccupied desks.  during protests in front of the homes of white slumlords, black residents were bussed in where they held signs all the way up and down the streets distributing pamphlets and protesting to gather attention to the situation.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=qojgLBuEFEUC&pg=PA12 Chicago Portraits: New Edition]</ref>

===Later Organizing===

===Later Organizing===

Alinsky had a tendency to rub the sores of a community raw.  During the [[Great Society]] campaigns of [[Lyndon Johnson]], he organized groups like FIGHT(Freedom, Integration, God, Honor, Today) in order to push the Eastman Kodak Company to hire more black workers.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ChMkAAAAMAAJ&q=saul+alinsky+%22Friends+of+FIGHT%22&dq=saul+alinsky+%22Friends+of+FIGHT%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiL6prqx_vNAhWCph4KHQ3xDcY4FBDoAQgfMAE Hearing(s) Held in Rochester, New York, September 16-17, 1966, Volumes 35-962]</ref>  Headed by the radical pastor Franklin Florence,<ref name=fight>[https://books.google.com/books?id=nsye_8Ewk0oC&pg=PA381 The Mid-Atlantic Region]</ref><ref>[http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/july64/more.html JULY ‘64], [[PBS]]</ref> FIGHT chose to remain an exclusively black organization.  In response, Friends of FIGHT was formed, in order to bring in the involvement of white progressives.<ref name=fight />

Alinsky had a tendency to rub the sores of a community raw.  During the [[Great Society]] campaigns of [[Lyndon Johnson]], he organized groups like FIGHT (Freedom, Integration, God, Honor, Today) in order to push the Eastman Kodak Company to hire more black workers.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ChMkAAAAMAAJ&q=saul+alinsky+%22Friends+of+FIGHT%22&dq=saul+alinsky+%22Friends+of+FIGHT%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiL6prqx_vNAhWCph4KHQ3xDcY4FBDoAQgfMAE Hearing(s) Held in Rochester, New York, September 16-17, 1966, Volumes 35-962]</ref>  Headed by the radical pastor Franklin Florence,<ref name=fight>[https://books.google.com/books?id=nsye_8Ewk0oC&pg=PA381 The Mid-Atlantic Region]</ref><ref>[http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/july64/more.html JULY ‘64], [[PBS]]</ref> FIGHT chose to remain an exclusively black organization.  In response, Friends of FIGHT was formed, in order to bring in the involvement of white progressives.<ref name=fight />

One of the most well known strategies was the use of the "fart in", or "flatulent blitzkrieg".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=6BPKckIixDUC&pg=PA92 Radical: A Portrait of Saul Alinsky]</ref>  Activists were to eat a large baked bean dinner, then attend the quiet Rochester Philharmonic Orchestra where the operation could be better heard.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ph6gBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT466 Pursuing Justice: Traditional and Contemporary Issues in Our Communities and the World]</ref>  Later, Alinsky threatened a "piss in" at Chicago's O'Hare International Airport.<ref>[http://www.nationalreview.com/article/243654/saul-alinsky-complicated-rebel-ronald-radosh Saul Alinsky: A Complicated Rebel], [[National Review]]</ref>  The plan was leaked to city officials that well-dressed black activists would stand in front of the urinals and occupying toilets in men's bathrooms, blocking patrons who actually needed to use the facility from doing so.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=6BPKckIixDUC&pg=PA93 Radical: A Portrait of Saul Alinsky]</ref>  The plan was never implemented, as the city caved in to their demands.  

One of the most well known strategies was the use of the "fart in", or "flatulent blitzkrieg".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=6BPKckIixDUC&pg=PA92 Radical: A Portrait of Saul Alinsky]</ref>  Activists were to eat a large baked bean dinner, then attend the quiet Rochester Philharmonic Orchestra where the operation could be better heard.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ph6gBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT466 Pursuing Justice: Traditional and Contemporary Issues in Our Communities and the World]</ref>  Later, Alinsky threatened a "piss in" at Chicago's O'Hare International Airport.<ref>[http://www.nationalreview.com/article/243654/saul-alinsky-complicated-rebel-ronald-radosh Saul Alinsky: A Complicated Rebel], [[National Review]]</ref>  The plan was leaked to city officials that well-dressed black activists would stand in front of the urinals and occupying toilets in men's bathrooms, blocking patrons who actually needed to use the facility from doing so.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=6BPKckIixDUC&pg=PA93 Radical: A Portrait of Saul Alinsky]</ref>  The plan was never implemented, as the city caved in to their demands.  

Alinsky's hard-knock, do-anything techniques rubbed many leaders the wrong way, and in 1967 he found himself without a contract.  This led him to label [[Lyndon Johnson|Johnson]]'s "war on poverty" as a political pork barrel.  Alinsky would influence many activists in organizing, such as [[Wade Rathke]], Michael Gecan, Greg Galuzzo<ref name=Kincaid />, Edward T. Chambers, and Ernesto Cortes, many of whom went on to become leaders in Alinsky's Industrial Areas Foundation.

In 1965, Syracuse University opened the Community Action Training Center (CATC) under the guidance of Professor Warren Haggstrom.<ref name=syracuse>[https://books.google.com/books?id=_PfZQ9FmZIUC&pg=PA217 Syracuse University: The Tolley Years, 1942-1969]</ref>  Haggstrom, who was a fan of Alinsky's ideals of community organizing,<ref name=syracuse /> received a grant from the federal government's Office of Economic Opportunity to open the CATC.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=PqCO2I85gRgC&pg=PA77 The Urban Racial State: Managing Race Relations in American Cities]</ref>  The grant was for the amount of $314,000.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ro73MCOHM74C&pg=PA34 The Battle for Welfare Rights: Politics and Poverty in Modern America]</ref>  Using this funding, Haggstrom hired Saul Alinsky as a consultant, who also brought in the assistance of Fred Ross.  Using the base of indoctrinated students, the University's CATC sent "trained" students to go out into the neighborhoods and whip up the residents into a frenzy.  It did not take long for the mayor of Syracuse, William F. Walsh, to point out that the purpose of the center was to "train agitators" and teach "Marxist doctrines of class conflict."<ref>[https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/15974079/ The Post-Standard from Syracuse, New York · Page 7], May 30, 1966</ref> After Walsh and Haggstrom flew to Washington, D.C., to put pressure on the OEO, funding for the CATC was canceled.<ref name=syracuse />  No longer having the direct funding of government largess, Alinsky labeled [[Lyndon Johnson]]'s "war on poverty" as a political pork barrel, as there was nothing left in it for him.

The [[Black Panther]] movement in the 1960s made it hard for Alinsky to organize the black populace; they had a difficult time dealing with white leadership.  He finally settled with organizing middle-class white Americans to protest against the deterioration of the suburban markets.

Alinsky's hard-knock, do-anything techniques rubbed many leaders the wrong way, and in 1967 he found himself without a contract.  Alinsky would influence many activists in organizing, such as [[Wade Rathke]], Michael Gecan, Greg Galuzzo<ref name=Kincaid />, Edward T. Chambers, and Ernesto Cortes, many of whom went on to become leaders in Alinsky's Industrial Areas Foundation.  The [[Black Panther]] movement in the 1960s made it hard for Alinsky to organize the black populace; they had a difficult time dealing with white leadership.  He finally settled with organizing middle-class white Americans to protest against the deterioration of the suburban markets.

==Association with subversive organizations==

==Association with subversive organizations==