Changes

==Birth control and neo-malthusianism==

==Birth control and neo-malthusianism==

Micklewright (1961) surveys the neo-Malthusian phase of the British birth control movement from Francis Place's ideas, c. 1820, to Bradlaugh's death in 1891. The Utilitarians, seeing social utility as the guide in ethics and large families as a cause of poverty, proposed restraint, late marriage, or artificial regulation as a solution. This body of thought came to be known as "neo-Malthusianism." Francis Place had reached this view by about 1820, and although he was unable to get it across to working-class audiences, early converts were Robert Dale Owen and John Stuart Mill, who was arraigned before a magistrate for his views. Numerous pamphlets were circulated in Radical circles in the 1820's and 1830's, and an English edition of the ''Fruits of Philosophy'' of Dr. Knowlton of Massachusetts was published. The author suggests that the early Victorian period did not see a slackening of these ideas. In 1854 the secularist Dr. George Drysdale published his ''Physical, Sexual and Natural Religion,'' and the defeat of Viscount Amerley in the South Devon election in 1868 for holding neo-Malthusian views, led to the founding of the London Dialectical Society, which illustrated the progress of these ideas among the educated middle class. The Bradlaugh-Besant trial of 1877, which is analyzed, gave immense popular attention for the whole subject. A further cause celèbre was Dr. H. S. Allbutt's removal from the medical register in 1887 for publishing ''The Wife's Handbook'' and advertising contraceptives. The decline in neo-Malthusian thought is accounted for by the higher living standards of the late 19th century, and the fact that birth control was now advocated by feminists, advocates of equality of the sexes, or for health reasons.

Micklewright (1961) surveys the neo-Malthusian phase of the British birth control movement from Francis Place's ideas, c. 1820, to Bradlaugh's death in 1891. The Utilitarians, seeing social utility as the guide in ethics and large families as a cause of poverty, proposed restraint, late marriage, or artificial regulation as a solution. This body of thought came to be known as "neo-Malthusianism." Francis Place had reached this view by about 1820, and although he was unable to get it across to working-class audiences, early converts were Robert Dale Owen and John Stuart Mill, who was arraigned before a magistrate for his views. Numerous pamphlets were circulated in Radical circles in the 1820s and 1830s, and an English edition of the ''Fruits of Philosophy'' of Dr. Knowlton of Massachusetts was published. The author suggests that the early Victorian period did not see a slackening of these ideas. In 1854 the secularist Dr. George Drysdale published his ''Physical, Sexual and Natural Religion,'' and the defeat of Viscount Amerley in the South Devon election in 1868 for holding neo-Malthusian views, led to the founding of the London Dialectical Society, which illustrated the progress of these ideas among the educated middle class. The Bradlaugh-Besant trial of 1877, which is analyzed, gave immense popular attention for the whole subject. A further cause celèbre was Dr. H. S. Allbutt's removal from the medical register in 1887 for publishing ''The Wife's Handbook'' and advertising contraceptives. The decline in neo-Malthusian thought is accounted for by the higher living standards of the late 19th century, and the fact that birth control was now advocated by feminists, advocates of equality of the sexes, or for health reasons.

In the Netherlands the "New Malthusian League" was active from 1881 to 1940. It advocated birth control through the use of contraceptive devices. The league was the creation of Liberal Party politics and the medical profession, and was opposed by both Catholic and Calvinist groups.

In the Netherlands the "New Malthusian League" was active from 1881 to 1940. It advocated birth control through the use of contraceptive devices. The league was the creation of Liberal Party politics and the medical profession, and was opposed by both Catholic and Calvinist groups.

==France==

==France==

Spengler (1979) shows that since their defeat by Germany in 1870 the French have been highly concerned with virility and remaining a great power. Behind this concern was an early and unprecedented decline in fertility. Pronatalist concern came from varied social, economic, and political sources. In time, national policies favoring large families were passed, the Vichy regime being especially active. These measures masked a steady Malthusianist undercurrent, and although the population advanced from the 1940's through the 1960's, once again a population crisis exists.

Spengler (1979) shows that since their defeat by Germany in 1870 the French have been highly concerned with virility and remaining a great power. Behind this concern was an early and unprecedented decline in fertility. Pronatalist concern came from varied social, economic, and political sources. In time, national policies favoring large families were passed, the Vichy regime being especially active. These measures masked a steady Malthusianist undercurrent, and although the population advanced from the 1940s through the 1960s, once again a population crisis exists.

==Uses by historians==

==Uses by historians==