Changes

==Past games==

==Past games==

Note: The term "Olympiad" is used by the International Olympic committee to refer to the four year period in which the games are held, not to the games themselves. So, for instance, 1904 and 1906 were both the 3rd Olympiad (with 1906 not being recognized) and 1912 was the "Games of the 5th Olympiad". Then, [[World War I]] stopped the "Games of the 6th Olympiad" in 1916 and the Games of the 7th Olympiad were held in 1920.  

Note: The term "Olympiad" is used by the International Olympic committee to refer to the four-year period in which the games are held, not to the games themselves. So, for instance, 1904 and 1906 were both the 3rd Olympiad (with 1906 not being recognized) and 1912 was the "Games of the 5th Olympiad". Then, [[World War I]] stopped the "Games of the 6th Olympiad" in 1916 and the Games of the 7th Olympiad were held in 1920.  

===1896 Athens===

===1896 Athens===

| 99 by Soviet Union (50 Gold, 27 Silver, 22 Bronze)

| 99 by Soviet Union (50 Gold, 27 Silver, 22 Bronze)

|}

|}

West Germany sponsored the 1972 Olympics as an affirmation of its peaceful reintegration into the family of nations. The world community was horrified by the [[Munich massacre]] when Palestinian terrorists captured a team of Israeli athletes on global television; eleven Israeli hostages were mudered; five of the eight Arab terrorists were killed in a blaze of gunfire with police.  

West Germany sponsored the 1972 Olympics as an affirmation of its peaceful reintegration into the family of nations. The world community was horrified by the [[Munich massacre]] when Palestinian terrorists captured a team of Israeli athletes on global television; eleven Israeli hostages were murdered; five of the eight Arab terrorists were killed in a blaze of gunfire with police.  

Two international celebrities emerged.  American swimmer Mark Spitz won seven gold medals, surpassing the record of five set in the 1920 games by Italian fencer Nedo Nadi. In women's gymnastics, 17-year-old Olga Korbut, an 84-pound Russian, dazzled spectators with her golden performances.

Two international celebrities emerged.  American swimmer Mark Spitz won seven gold medals, surpassing the record of five set in the 1920 games by Italian fencer Nedo Nadi. In women's gymnastics, 17-year-old Olga Korbut, an 84-pound Russian, dazzled spectators with her golden performances.

===India===

===India===

Organized men's field hockey began in India in the 1880's. Following World War I, the Indian national team rose to international prominence, winning the 1928 Olympic gold medal in Amsterdam without surrendering a single goal. The Indian squad won gold in every Olympics through 1956 and again in 1964. India dominated in other international tours as well. The ability to bring together players from various social classes and diverse ethnic groups proved to be a key element of their success.<ref>Boria Majumdar, "The Golden Years of Indian Hockey: 'We Climb the Victory Stand'", ''International Journal of the History of Sport,'' 2008 25(12): 1592-1611</ref>

Organized men's field hockey began in India in the 1880s. Following World War I, the Indian national team rose to international prominence, winning the 1928 Olympic gold medal in Amsterdam without surrendering a single goal. The Indian squad won gold in every Olympics through 1956 and again in 1964. India dominated in other international tours as well. The ability to bring together players from various social classes and diverse ethnic groups proved to be a key element of their success.<ref>Boria Majumdar, "The Golden Years of Indian Hockey: 'We Climb the Victory Stand'", ''International Journal of the History of Sport,'' 2008 25(12): 1592-1611</ref>

===Latin America===

===Latin America===

==Women==

==Women==

After the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) had repeatedly opposed including women's athletics in their official program in the early 1920's, the Fédération Sportive Féminine Internationale (FSFI) was founded in 1921. One year later it organized a Women's Olympiad in Paris with great success. As a result, the IOC accepted five women's athletic events in the program of the 1928 Olympic Games in Amsterdam. FSFI, under the leadership of Alice Milliat (1884-1957), sought to increase women's participation in sports, in particular the Olympic Games. The FSFI successfully sponsored the Women's Games in the years between the wars. However, the group faced considerable opposition from the aristocratic male leaders of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and from Siegfried Edström, president of the International Amateur Athletic Federation, who wanted to maintain male domination in sports. The FSFI collapsed in 1936, despite having created international momentum for female athletic competition, as richer, more powerful sports organizations refused to allow women to continue to participate in sporting events.<ref>Florence Carpentier, and Jean-Pierre Lefèvre, "The Modern Olympic Movement, Women's Sport and the Social Order During the Inter-war Period," ''International Journal of the History of Sport'' 2006 23(7): 1112-1127</ref>  

After the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) had repeatedly opposed including women's athletics in their official program in the early 1920s, the Fédération Sportive Féminine Internationale (FSFI) was founded in 1921. One year later it organized a Women's Olympiad in Paris with great success. As a result, the IOC accepted five women's athletic events in the program of the 1928 Olympic Games in Amsterdam. FSFI, under the leadership of Alice Milliat (1884-1957), sought to increase women's participation in sports, in particular the Olympic Games. The FSFI successfully sponsored the Women's Games in the years between the wars. However, the group faced considerable opposition from the aristocratic male leaders of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and from Siegfried Edström, president of the International Amateur Athletic Federation, who wanted to maintain male domination in sports. The FSFI collapsed in 1936, despite having created international momentum for female athletic competition, as richer, more powerful sports organizations refused to allow women to continue to participate in sporting events.<ref>Florence Carpentier, and Jean-Pierre Lefèvre, "The Modern Olympic Movement, Women's Sport and the Social Order During the Inter-war Period," ''International Journal of the History of Sport'' 2006 23(7): 1112-1127</ref>  

The fact that a few women collapsed on the grass after crossing the finishing line after the eight-hundred-meter race at the 1928 games, won by Germany's Lina Radke with a new world record, was used as an argument against women's athletics and women's sport in general. Officials, journalists, and doctors were not convinced of women's mental and physical ability to cope with the stresses of competitive sports. In a vote the IOC only just avoided abandoning women's athletics, but the eight-hundred-meter race was taken out of the program. Thirty years later the middle-distance race was restored to the Olympic program, again after intensive discussions.

The fact that a few women collapsed on the grass after crossing the finishing line after the eight-hundred-meter race at the 1928 games, won by Germany's Lina Radke with a new world record, was used as an argument against women's athletics and women's sport in general. Officials, journalists, and doctors were not convinced of women's mental and physical ability to cope with the stresses of competitive sports. In a vote the IOC only just avoided abandoning women's athletics, but the eight-hundred-meter race was taken out of the program. Thirty years later the middle-distance race was restored to the Olympic program, again after intensive discussions.