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===George Whitfield===
===George Whitfield===
The Methodist preacher [[George Whitefield]], visiting from England, continued the movement started by Jonathan Edwards, traveling across the colonies and preaching in a more dramatic and emotional style, accepting everyone into his audiences.
The Methodist preacher George Whitefield, visiting from England, continued the movement started by Jonathan Edwards, traveling across the colonies and preaching in a more dramatic and emotional style, accepting everyone into his audiences.
Whitefield started as an associate of [[John Wesley]] in England. He was ordained as an [[Anglican]] minister. However, he was not assigned a pulpit and began preaching in parks and fields in England on his own. In short, he preached to people who normally did not attend Church. Like Edwards, he had developed a style of preaching that elicited emotional responses from his audiences. However, Whitefield had charisma, and his voice (which according to many accounts, could be heard over vast distances), small stature, and cross-eyed appearance (which some people took as a mark of divine favor) all served to help make him the first American celebrity. Thanks to the use of print in colonial America, perhaps more than half of all colonists, heard about, read about, or read something written by Whitefield. Whitefield used print extensively. He sent advance men to put up broadsides and to distribute handbills announcing his sermons. He also arranged to have his sermons published (a common practice in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries). Most notably, he entered into a profitable business partnership (and lifelong friendship) with [[Benjamin Franklin]]. While Franklin noted that Whitefield’s sermons tended to improve morality among the colonists, Whitefield was never able to get Franklin to embrace Christianity on a personal level.
Whitefield started as an associate of [[John Wesley]] in England. He was ordained as an [[Anglican]] minister. However, he was not assigned a pulpit and began preaching in parks and fields in England on his own. In short, he preached to people who normally did not attend Church. Like Edwards, he had developed a style of preaching that elicited emotional responses from his audiences. However, Whitefield had charisma, and his voice (which according to many accounts, could be heard over vast distances), small stature, and cross-eyed appearance (which some people took as a mark of divine favor) all served to help make him the first American celebrity. Thanks to the use of print in colonial America, perhaps more than half of all colonists, heard about, read about, or read something written by Whitefield. Whitefield used print extensively. He sent advance men to put up broadsides and to distribute handbills announcing his sermons. He also arranged to have his sermons published (a common practice in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries). Most notably, he entered into a profitable business partnership (and lifelong friendship) with [[Benjamin Franklin]]. While Franklin noted that Whitefield’s sermons tended to improve morality among the colonists, Whitefield was never able to get Franklin to embrace Christianity on a personal level.
* Butler, Jon. "Enthusiasm Described and Decried: The Great Awakening as Interpretative Fiction." ''Journal of American History'' 69 (1982): 305-25. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1893821 in JSTOR], influential article
* Butler, Jon. "Enthusiasm Described and Decried: The Great Awakening as Interpretative Fiction." ''Journal of American History'' 69 (1982): 305-25. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1893821 in JSTOR], influential article
* Butler, Jon. ''Awash in a Sea of Faith: Christianizing the American People.'' (1990). [http://www.amazon.com/Awash-Sea-Faith-Christianizing-American/dp/0674056019/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1195464788&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
* Butler, Jon. ''Awash in a Sea of Faith: Christianizing the American People.'' (1990). [http://www.amazon.com/Awash-Sea-Faith-Christianizing-American/dp/0674056019/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1195464788&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
* Coalter, Milton J. ''Gilbert Tennent, Son of Thunder: A Case Study of Continental Pietism's Impact on the First Great Awakening in the Middle Colonies'' 1986) [http://www.amazon.com/Gilbert-Tennent-Son-Thunder-Contributions/dp/0313255148/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1236478372&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Coalter, Milton J. ''Gilbert Tennent, Son of Thunder: A Case Study of Continental Pietism's Impact on the First Great Awakening in the Middle Colonies'' (1986) [http://www.amazon.com/Gilbert-Tennent-Son-Thunder-Contributions/dp/0313255148/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1236478372&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Conforti, Joseph A. '' Jonathan Edwards, Religious Tradition and American Culture'' University of North Carolina Press. 1995. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=35958357 online edition]
* Conforti, Joseph A. '' Jonathan Edwards, Religious Tradition and American Culture'' University of North Carolina Press. 1995. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=35958357 online edition]
* Gaustad, Edwin S. ''The Great Awakening in New England'' (1957)
* Gaustad, Edwin S. ''The Great Awakening in New England'' (1957)
* McLoughlin, William G. ''Revivals, Awakenings, and Reform: An Essay on Religion and Social Change in America, 1607-1977'' (1978). [http://www.amazon.com/Revivals-Awakenings-Chicago-American-Religion/dp/0226560929/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1195464898&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
* McLoughlin, William G. ''Revivals, Awakenings, and Reform: An Essay on Religion and Social Change in America, 1607-1977'' (1978). [http://www.amazon.com/Revivals-Awakenings-Chicago-American-Religion/dp/0226560929/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1195464898&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]
* McLaughlin, William G. "Essay Review: the American Revolution as a Religious Revival: 'The Millennium in One Country.'" ''New England Quarterly'' 1967 40(1): 99-110. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/363855 in JSTOR]
* McLaughlin, William G. "Essay Review: the American Revolution as a Religious Revival: 'The Millennium in One Country.'" ''New England Quarterly'' 1967 40(1): 99-110. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/363855 in JSTOR]
* McLaughlin, William G. ''Isaac Backus and the American Pietistic Tradition'' (1967)</ref>
* McLaughlin, William G. ''Isaac Backus and the American Pietistic Tradition'' (1967)
* Pope, Robert, ed. ''Religion and National Identity: Wales and Scotland C. 1700-2000.'' (2001) [http://www.questia.com/read/107361140 online edition]
* Pope, Robert, ed. ''Religion and National Identity: Wales and Scotland C. 1700-2000.'' (2001) [http://www.questia.com/read/107361140 online edition]