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===Civil War===
===Civil War===
At the outbreak of the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] in 1861, federal agents abandoned [[Oklahoma|Indian Territory (now Oklahoma)]] and the [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]] moved in and negotiated treaties with the Five Civilized Tribes. The tribes owned black slaves, which they fought to keep. The Confederacy paid the subsidies the U.S. government had paid, permanently guaranteed lands and rights to tribal self-government, and provided military protection and guns. (1948) p. 164</ref>
At the outbreak of the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] in 1861, federal agents abandoned [[Oklahoma|Indian Territory (now Oklahoma)]] and the [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]] moved in and negotiated treaties with the Five Civilized Tribes. The tribes owned black slaves, which they fought to keep. The Confederacy paid the subsidies the U.S. government had paid, permanently guaranteed lands and rights to tribal self-government, and provided military protection and guns.<ref>(1948) p. 164</ref>
As the Confederacy secured alliances with most of the tribes, some tried to remain neutral or pro-U.S., which led to violent conflict with the Confederate Indians. The first battle in occurred at Round Mountain, where Confederates defeated Unionist Creek and Seminoles led by Opothleyahola. The Confederates dominated the territory until early 1862, as Union forces returned and won battles at Pea Ridge, Fort Gibson, and Honey Springs. The Confederate Indians were the last to surrender, three months after Robert E. Lee surrendered.<ref>Baird and Goble, ''The Story of Oklahoma'', (1994) p.179</ref>
As the Confederacy secured alliances with most of the tribes, some tried to remain neutral or pro-U.S., which led to violent conflict with the Confederate Indians. The first battle in occurred at Round Mountain, where Confederates defeated Unionist Creek and Seminoles led by Opothleyahola. The Confederates dominated the territory until early 1862, as Union forces returned and won battles at Pea Ridge, Fort Gibson, and Honey Springs. The Confederate Indians were the last to surrender, three months after Robert E. Lee surrendered.<ref>Baird and Goble, ''The Story of Oklahoma'', (1994) p.179</ref>