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Line 17: − }}+ − :Translated and commented in {{Cite arxiv − |author=A. de Angelis − |date=2010 − |title=Penetrating Radiation at the Surface of and in Water − |arxiv=1002.1810 − |class=physics.hist-ph − − + Line 33:
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clean up
|volume=3 |pages=93–100
|volume=3 |pages=93–100
|doi=10.1007/BF02957440
|doi=10.1007/BF02957440
}}</ref>
}}</ref> [[File:Pacini measurement.jpg|thumb|left|Pacini makes a measurement in 1910.|160px]]
In 1912, Victor Hess carried three enhanced-accuracy Wulf electrometers<ref name=HessNobelPresSp>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1936/press.html |title=Nobel Prize in Physics 1936 – Presentation Speech |publisher=Nobelprize.org |date=1936-12-10 |accessdate=2013-02-27}}</ref> to an altitude of 5300 meters in a [[hot air balloon|free balloon]] flight. He found the ionization rate increased approximately fourfold over the rate at ground level.<ref name=HessNobelPresSp/> Hess eliminated the Sun as the radiation's source by making a balloon ascent during a near-total eclipse. With the moon blocking much of the Sun's visible radiation, Hess still measured rising radiation at rising altitudes.<ref name=HessNobelPresSp/> He concluded "The results of my observation are best explained by the assumption that a radiation of very great penetrating power enters our atmosphere from above." In 1913–1914, [[Werner Kolhörster]] confirmed Victor Hess' earlier results by measuring the increased ionization rate at an altitude of 9 km. Hess received the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] in 1936 for his discovery.<ref>
In 1912, Victor Hess carried three enhanced-accuracy Wulf electrometers<ref name=HessNobelPresSp>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1936/press.html |title=Nobel Prize in Physics 1936 – Presentation Speech |publisher=Nobelprize.org |date=1936-12-10 |accessdate=Sept 4, 2016}}</ref> to an altitude of 5300 meters in a [[hot air balloon|free balloon]] flight. He found the ionization rate increased approximately fourfold over the rate at ground level.<ref name=HessNobelPresSp/> Hess eliminated the Sun as the radiation's source by making a balloon ascent during a near-total eclipse. With the moon blocking much of the Sun's visible radiation, Hess still measured rising radiation at rising altitudes.<ref name=HessNobelPresSp/> He concluded "The results of my observation are best explained by the assumption that a radiation of very great penetrating power enters our atmosphere from above." In 1913–1914, Werner Kolhörster confirmed Victor Hess' earlier results by measuring the increased ionization rate at an altitude of 9 km. Hess received the [[Nobel Prize]] in Physics in 1936 for his discovery.<ref>
{{cite web
{{cite web
|author=V.F. Hess
|author=V.F. Hess
|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1936/index.html
|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1936/index.html
|publisher=[[The Nobel Foundation]]
|publisher=[[The Nobel Foundation]]
|accessdate=Sept4, 20
|accessdate=Sept 4, 2016
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
==Effects==
==Effects==