Changes

The Suspension Clause was by design a safety valve, the Constitution's only "express provision for exercise of extraordinary authority because of a crisis."<ref>''[[Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co. v. Sawyer]]'', 343 U.S. 579, 650 (1952) (Jackson, J., concurring).</ref>

The Suspension Clause was by design a safety valve, the Constitution's only "express provision for exercise of extraordinary authority because of a crisis."<ref>''[[Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co. v. Sawyer]]'', 343 U.S. 579, 650 (1952) (Jackson, J., concurring).</ref>

President [[Thomas Jefferson]] unsuccessfully sought a suspension of [[habeas corpus]] to deal with [[Aaron Burr]]'s conspiracy to overthrow the Government.<ref>See 16 Annals of Congress 402-425 (1807).</ref> During the Civil War, Congress passed its first Act authorizing executive suspension of the writ of habeas corpus,<ref>see Act of Mar. 3, 1863, 12 Stat. 755</ref> to the relief of those many who thought President Lincoln's unauthorized proclamations of suspension<ref>e.g., Proclamation No. 1, 13 Stat. 730)</ref> unconstitutional. Later Presidential proclamations of suspension relied upon the congressional authorization.<ref>e.g., Proclamation No. 7, 13 Stat. 734.</ref> During Reconstruction, Congress passed the [[Ku Klux Klan Act]], which included a provision authorizing suspension of the writ, invoked by President Grant in quelling a rebellion in nine South Carolina counties.<ref>See Act of Apr. 20, 1871, ch. 22, § 4, 17 Stat. 14; A Proclamation [of Oct. 17, 1871], 7 Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents 136-138 (J. Richardson ed. 1899) (hereinafter Messages and Papers); id., at 138-139.</ref>

President [[Thomas Jefferson]] unsuccessfully sought a suspension of [[habeas corpus]] to deal with [[Aaron Burr]]'s conspiracy to overthrow the Government.<ref>See 16 Annals of Congress 402-425 (1807).</ref> During the Civil War, Congress passed its first Act authorizing executive suspension of the writ of habeas corpus,<ref>see Act of Mar. 3, 1863, 12 Stat. 755</ref> to the relief of those many who thought President Lincoln's unauthorized proclamations of suspension<ref>e.g., Proclamation No. 1, 13 Stat. 730</ref> unconstitutional. Later Presidential proclamations of suspension relied upon the congressional authorization.<ref>e.g., Proclamation No. 7, 13 Stat. 734.</ref> During Reconstruction, Congress passed the [[Ku Klux Klan Act]], which included a provision authorizing suspension of the writ, invoked by President Grant in quelling a rebellion in nine South Carolina counties.<ref>See Act of Apr. 20, 1871, ch. 22, § 4, 17 Stat. 14; A Proclamation [of Oct. 17, 1871], 7 Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents 136-138 (J. Richardson ed. 1899) (hereinafter Messages and Papers); id., at 138-139.</ref>

Two later Acts of Congress provided broad suspension authority to governors of U.S. possessions. The Philippine Civil Government Act of 1902 provided that the Governor of the Philippines could suspend the writ in case of rebellion, insurrection, or invasion.<ref>Act of July 1, 1902, ch. 1369, § 5, 32 Stat. 692.</ref> In 1905 the writ was suspended for nine months by proclamation of the Governor.<ref>See Fisher v. Baker, 203 U.S. 174, 179-181, 51 L. Ed. 142, 27 S. Ct. 135 (1906).</ref> The Hawaiian Organic Act of 1900 likewise provided that the Governor of Hawaii could suspend the writ in case of rebellion or invasion (or threat thereof).<ref>Ch. 339, § 67, 31 Stat. 153.</ref>

Two later Acts of Congress provided broad suspension authority to governors of U.S. possessions. The Philippine Civil Government Act of 1902 provided that the Governor of the Philippines could suspend the writ in case of rebellion, insurrection, or invasion.<ref>Act of July 1, 1902, ch. 1369, § 5, 32 Stat. 692.</ref> In 1905 the writ was suspended for nine months by proclamation of the Governor.<ref>See Fisher v. Baker, 203 U.S. 174, 179-181, 51 L. Ed. 142, 27 S. Ct. 135 (1906).</ref> The Hawaiian Organic Act of 1900 likewise provided that the Governor of Hawaii could suspend the writ in case of rebellion or invasion (or threat thereof).<ref>Ch. 339, § 67, 31 Stat. 153.</ref>