Changes

== Examples ==

== Examples ==

The mass of the proton relative to the neutron is critical to regulating the primordial abundances of the chemical elements in the initial creation of matter. Shortly after the [[Big Bang]], the ratio of neutrons to protons produced was related to the mass difference between these [[particles]]. Had this ratio been only 1% smaller an equal amount of neutrons and protons would have been produced. (Instead of 1 to 8 in our universe.) An equal or greater number of neutrons would have resulted in a [[universe]] with all [[helium]] and no [[hydrogen]]. (Our universe is about 74% hydrogen.) [[fusion|No hydrogen means no stable long lived]] [[stars]] like the [[sun]] and no life which requires hydrogen. Now if this ratio was only 0.2% larger protons would decay into neutrons and there would be no atoms at all.<ref>Paul Davies, ''The Accidental Universe'', (Cambridge University Press, 1993), p.65</ref><ref>[http://rareuniverse.org/evidence_for_creation/finetuned.html Fine Tuning at RareUniverse.Org]</ref>

The mass of the proton relative to the neutron is critical to regulating the primordial abundances of the chemical elements in the initial creation of matter. Shortly after the [[Big Bang]], the ratio of neutrons to protons produced was related to the mass difference between these [[particles]]. Had this ratio been only 1% smaller an equal amount of neutrons and protons would have been produced. (Instead of 1 to 8 in our universe.) An equal or greater number of neutrons would have resulted in a [[universe]] with all [[helium]] and no [[hydrogen]]. (Our universe is about 74% hydrogen.) [[fusion|No hydrogen means no stable long lived]] [[stars]] like the [[sun]] and no life which requires hydrogen. Now if this ratio was only 0.2% larger protons would decay into neutrons and there would be no atoms at all.<ref>Paul Davies, ''The Accidental Universe'', (Cambridge University Press, 1993), p.65</ref><ref>[http://rareuniverse.org/evidence_for_creation/finetuned.html Fine Tuning at RareUniverse.Org]</ref>

The gravitational constant, the universe's density, and the cosmological constant are all balanced to a remarkable precision. Had any of these parameters been different by a tiny fraction of a percent, space-time as described by general relativity would be unstable resulting in either the universe's rapid collapse shortly after it was created, or the rapid dispersion of the gasses before galaxies could form. General relativity and big bang theory show that the universe is literally on a knife's edge. If it were not for this fantastic balance, there would be no galaxies, no stars, no planets, and no life.<ref>Paul Davies, ''The Goldilocks Enigma'', (Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006), p.149</ref>

The gravitational constant, the universe's density, and the cosmological constant are all balanced to a remarkable precision. Had any of these parameters been different by a tiny fraction of a percent, space-time as described by general relativity would be unstable resulting in either the universe's rapid collapse shortly after it was created, or the rapid dispersion of the gasses before galaxies could form. General relativity and big bang theory show that the universe is literally on a knife's edge. If it were not for this fantastic balance, there would be no galaxies, no stars, no planets, and no life.<ref>Paul Davies, ''The Goldilocks Enigma'', (Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006), p.149</ref>

Many other examples can be found in scientific literature. The universe is truly a massive demonstration of design by the Creator. This represents a very compelling a case from secular science, for God's existence.  

This fine tuning can be seen as evidence that the [[universe]] was created by an [[God|intelligent being]], as the probability of all the constants of nature having these particular values is very small. However, it can also be explained using the [[anthropic principle]]. This states that although unlikely, if the constants had any other values, life as we know it would not exist and so could not ask the question "why does the universe appear fine tuned for life?" Hence we should not be surprised that the [[universe]] is so friendly to life as we know it.  

== References ==

== References ==