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Line 1: − + − '''Mustafa Kemal Atatürk''' (also known as '''Kemal Pasha''' or '''Kamâl Atatürk'''; May 19, 1881 – November 10, 1938) was a Turkish army officer, revolutionary statesman, the founder of the Republic of [[Turkey]] and its first president. He was a successful division commander in the [[Battle of Gallipoli]]. When the [[Allies]] defeated the [[Ottoman Empire]] and arranged for its partition, he led a rebellion in the [[Turkish War of Independence]]. From Sep 9, 1923 to Nov 10, 1938, he was also leader of the Republican People's Party. − − Atatürk deposed the last sultan of the [[Ottoman Empire]] in 1922 and became president of Turkey in 1923. It is estimated that over 99% of Turks are [[Muslim]] [https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/tu.html#People], but Atatürk established a [[secular state|secular rule]] based on a strong military. He abolished Islamic courts and gave women the right to vote and hold government positions. As a result of his efforts, Turkey is the only Muslim country to independently hold democratic elections. − − [[Samuel Huntington]] defines "Kemalism" as a response to attempts at "reconciliation of Islam and modernity', or to modernise Islam without [[Westernization]]. − − <blockquote> − ''The National Assembly which first convened on 23 April 1920 in Ankara was the first clue to the Turkish Republic. The successful management of the War of Independence by this assembly accelerated the founding of the new Turkish State. On 1 November 1922, the offices of the Sultan and caliph were severed from one other and the former was abolished. There was no longer any administrative ties with the Ottoman Empire. On 29 October 1923, Turkish Republic was formally proclaimed and Atatürk was unanimously elected as its first President. On 30 October 1923, the first government of the Republic was formed by İsmet İnönü. Turkish Republic started to grow on the foundations of the twin principles "Sovereignty, unconditionally belongs to the nation" and "peace at home, peace in the world,"'' [http://www.ataturk.com/content/view/24/43/ Biography of Atatürk] − </blockquote> − − == See also == − *[[Pervez Musharraf]] − − == External links == − *[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j-4KKL7AYYA Ataturk - Republic of Turkiye] − *[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BjySoi2PR0w The Incredible Turk (1958)] − *[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7RfCGap0Pic President Kennedy - Speech on Ataturk] − − ==Bibliography== − * Balfour, Patrick. ''Ataturk: The Rebirth of a Nation'' (1964). − * Çandar, Cengiz, and David Pryce-Jones. "Atatürk's Ambiguous Legacy." ''Wilson Quarterly'' 2000 24(4): 88-96. Issn: 0363-3276 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]] − * Eissenstat, Howard. "History and Historiography: Politics and Memory in the Turkish Republic." ''Contemporary European History'' 2003 12(1): 93-105. Issn: 0960-7773 Fulltext: in Cambridge journals. − * Karpat, Kemal H. "The Personality of Ataturk," ''The American Historical Review'', Vol. 90, No. 4 (Oct., 1985), pp. 893–899 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-8762(198510)90%3A4%3C893%3ATPOA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Q in JSTOR] − * Kazancigil, Ali and Özbudun, Ergun, eds. ''Atatürk: Founder of a Modern State.'' Archon, 1982. 243 pp. − * Kedourie, Sylvia, ed. ''Seventy-Five Years of the Turkish Republic.'' (1999). 237 pp. − * Kedourie, Sylvia. ''Turkey Before and After Ataturk: Internal and External Affairs'' (1989) 282pp; [http://books.google.com/books?id=OXRnTgmrmC0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:ataturk&num=30&as_brr=0&sig=dFTndXR43BukG1RtrNY4GvrcTeo excerpts and text search] − * Kinross, Patrick. ''Ataturk: The Rebirth of a Nation'' (1965) 615pp − * Macfie, A.L. ''Ataturk'' (1995) 275pp [http://www.amazon.com/Ataturk-Profiles-Power-L-Macfie/dp/0582078636/ref=cm_lmf_img_3 excerpt and text search] − * Mango, Andrew. ''Ataturk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey'' (1999) [http://www.amazon.com/Ataturk-Biography-founder-Modern-Turkey/dp/158567334X/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196105830&sr=8-1rpt and text search] − * Tachau, Frank. ''Kemal Ataturk'' (1987) − * Trask, Roger R. "The United States and Turkish Nationalism: Investments and Technical Aid during the Ataturk Era," ''Business History Review,'' Vol. 38, No. 1, International Government-Business Issue (Spring, 1964), pp. 58–77 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0007-6805(196421)38%3A1%3C58%3ATUSATN%3E2.0.CO%3B2-D in JSTOR] − * Volkan, Vamik D., and Norman Itzko. ''The Immortal Ataturk--A Psychobiography'' (1984) − * Weiker, Walter F. ''The Modernization of Turkey: From Ataturk to the Present Day'' (1981) [http://www.questia.com/read/43183327 online edition] − − ==References== − {{reflist}} − − {{DEFAULTSORT:Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal}} − [[Category:Turkey]] − [[Category:Former Heads of State]] − [[Category:Military Commanders]]
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#REDIRECT [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]]