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'''Old Testament parallels''' show that God gave to particular men divine authority to act, and that He obeyed their word: Exodus 14:15-16 and Joshua 10:12-14; see also 1 Kings 17:1, 2 Kings 20:9-11, Matthew 9:8, Luke 2:51, and John 9:31 and 20:21-23; Romans 13:1-2, 1 Timothy 1:19-20, Hebrews 13:17, and Revelation 3:7. Compare the Catholic Bible [http://usccb.org/bible/books-of-the-bible/index.cfm footnotes] on these verses with [http://biblehub.com/commentaries/genesis/1-1.htm multiple Protestant commentaries]. The controversy over divine authority is a key doctrinal issue in the [[Protestant Reformation]]. See [[Apostolic succession]].

'''Old Testament parallels''' show that God gave to particular men divine authority to act, and that He obeyed their word: Exodus 14:15-16 and Joshua 10:12-14; see also 1 Kings 17:1, 2 Kings 20:9-11, Matthew 9:8, Luke 2:51, and John 9:31 and 20:21-23; Romans 13:1-2, 1 Timothy 1:19-20, Hebrews 13:17, and Revelation 3:7. Compare the Catholic Bible [http://usccb.org/bible/books-of-the-bible/index.cfm footnotes] on these verses with [http://biblehub.com/commentaries/genesis/1-1.htm multiple Protestant commentaries]. The controversy over divine authority is a key doctrinal issue in the [[Protestant Reformation]]. See [[Apostolic succession]].

"'''...thou art Peter; and upon this rock I will build my Church.'''" There is a minor linguistic difference in Matthew 16:18 in the Greek words for "stone" and "rock". '''''Petros'' Πέτρος''' is the masculine form, meaning "stone", "boulder" or "large rock", and '''''petra'' πέτρα''' is the feminine form, meaning "stone", "boulder" or "massive rock". They essentially mean the same thing.

"'''...thou art Peter; and upon this rock I will build my Church.'''" There is a minor linguistic difference in Matthew 16:18 in the Greek words for "stone" and "rock". '''''Petros'' Πέτρος''' is the masculine form, meaning "stone", "boulder" or "large rock", and '''''petra'' πέτρα''' is the feminine form, meaning "stone", "boulder" or "massive rock". They essentially mean the same thing. In distinct contrast to ''petros'' and ''petra'', the Greek word for "pebble", "small stone" or "(piece of) rock" is λίθος ''lithos''<ref>The KJV translation of John 1:42 says, "...when Jesus beheld him, he said, Thou art Simon the son of Jona: thou shalt be called Cephas, which is by interpretation, A stone." The entries under "stone" in Strong's Concordance for almost all of the New Testament verses are keyed to numbers [http://biblehub.com/greek/3034.htm ''3034'' '''λίθος''' ''lithos''], [http://biblehub.com/greek/3035.htm ''3035'' '''λιθάζω''' ''lithazo''], [http://biblehub.com/greek/3036.htm ''3036'' '''λίθινος''' ''lithinos''].  [http://biblehub.com/greek/3037.htm ''3037'' '''λίθος''' ''lithos'']. In contrast, '''John 1:42''' KJV "A stone" is keyed to number [http://biblehub.com/greek/4074.htm ''4074'' '''Πέτρος''' ''rock'', '''larger''' than ''3037 lithos'']. The King James translators chose to not render the Greek word in this passage as Rock. Had they done so the entry for this word in John 1:42 would have appeared in Strong's Concordance included under "rock" with all of the other 13 verses the KJV translators had consistently and unequivocally rendered as "rock", all of them keyed to number [http://biblehub.com/greek/4073.htm ''4073'' '''πέτρα''' ''petra'']: Mt 7:24, 25; Mt 16:18; Mt 27:60; Mk 15:46; Lu 6:48 (twice); Lu 8:6, 13; Ro 9:33; 1Co 10:4 (twice); 1Pe 2:8. See [http://www.biblehub.com/john/1-42.htm other translations of John 1:42] and [http://www.biblehub.com/commentaries/john/1-42.htm commentaries].</ref>.

:Πέτρος, Πέτρου, ὁ (an appellative proper name, signifying 'a stone,' '''a rock, ledge or cliff''').

:Πέτρος, Πέτρου, ὁ (an appellative proper name, signifying 'a stone,' '''a rock, ledge or cliff''').

:πέτρα, πέτρας, ἡ, from Homer down; the Septuagint reading for סֶלַע  and צוּר; '''a rock, ledge, cliff'''.   

:πέτρα, πέτρας, ἡ, from Homer down; the Septuagint reading for סֶלַע  and צוּר; '''a rock, ledge, cliff'''.   

Protestant Greek scholars like [[D.A. Carson]] and [[Joseph Thayer]] admit there is no distinction in meaning between petros and petra in the [[Greek language|Koine Greek]] of the New Testament.<ref>Joseph H. Thayer, Thayer’s Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (Peabody: Hendrickson, 1996), 507; D.A. Carson, “Matthew,” in Frank E. Gaebelein, ed., The Expositor’s Bible Commentary (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1984), vol. 8, 368.</ref><ref>[http://patrickmadrid.com/bam-bam-the-%e2%80%9cpebbles%e2%80%9d-argument-goes-down-2/ Bam! Bam! The "Pebbles" Argument Goes Down, Patrick Madrid (patrickmadrid.com)]. Compare [[Falsehood]]. </ref> See Strong's numbers [http://biblehub.com/greek/4074.htm ''4074''] and [http://biblehub.com/greek/4073.htm ''4073'']. See also [http://biblehub.com/greek/2786.htm ''2786''].  

Protestant Greek scholars like [[D.A. Carson]] and [[Joseph Thayer]] admit there is no distinction in meaning between petros and petra in the [[Greek language|Koine Greek]] of the New Testament.<ref>Joseph H. Thayer, Thayer’s Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (Peabody: Hendrickson, 1996), 507; D.A. Carson, “Matthew,” in Frank E. Gaebelein, ed., The Expositor’s Bible Commentary (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1984), vol. 8, 368.</ref><ref>[http://patrickmadrid.com/bam-bam-the-%e2%80%9cpebbles%e2%80%9d-argument-goes-down-2/ Bam! Bam! The "Pebbles" Argument Goes Down, Patrick Madrid (patrickmadrid.com)]. Compare [[Falsehood]]. </ref> See Strong's numbers [http://biblehub.com/greek/4074.htm ''4074''] and [http://biblehub.com/greek/4073.htm ''4073'']. Compare [http://biblehub.com/greek/3037.htm ''3037'']. See also [http://biblehub.com/greek/2786.htm ''2786''].  

:Κεφας, κεφα, ὁ (Chaldean כֵּיפָא, '''a rock'''), Cephas (equivalent to Πέτρος), the surname of Simon the apostle. (Jesus did not give Simon Bar Jonah a feminine name.)  

:Κεφας, κεφα, ὁ (Chaldean כֵּיפָא, '''a rock'''), Cephas (equivalent to Πέτρος), the surname of Simon the apostle. (Jesus did not give Simon Bar Jonah a feminine name.)  

A more literal translation of verse 18 is, "''I tell you, you are Rock, and on this Rock I will build my gathering (my assembly)''". Linguistically, according to the Greek construction, and Greek grammar, the person indicated by the phrase "''on this rock''" is Peter, not Jesus.  

A more literal translation of verse 18 is, "''I tell you, you are Rock, and on this Rock I will build my gathering (my assembly)''". Linguistically, according to the Greek construction, and Greek grammar, the person indicated by the phrase "''on this rock''" is Peter, not Jesus.