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added concluding summary section "Continuous, unbroken witness in history", moved an external link from body of article to External links, added See also link to Great Apostasy - also intend to locate external link on the "Bad Popes" and add it too
The Eighth Ecumenical Council: [[Constantinople IV|Fourth Council of Constantinople]] 869-870 was called jointly by the [[Emperor Basil]] and Pope [[Hadrian II]] to deal with the paramount issue of declaring the Patriarch [[Photius]] a heretic for openly criticizing clerical [[celibacy]], for challenging Pope Saint Leo III's crowning of [[Charlemagne]] as Holy Roman Emperor on Christmas of 800, and for questioning the ''[[Filioque]]'' of the [[Apostles' Creed]].
The Eighth Ecumenical Council: [[Constantinople IV|Fourth Council of Constantinople]] 869-870 was called jointly by the [[Emperor Basil]] and Pope [[Hadrian II]] to deal with the paramount issue of declaring the Patriarch [[Photius]] a heretic for openly criticizing clerical [[celibacy]], for challenging Pope Saint Leo III's crowning of [[Charlemagne]] as Holy Roman Emperor on Christmas of 800, and for questioning the ''[[Filioque]]'' of the [[Apostles' Creed]].
===Late Middle Ages: 1000-1500===
===Late Middle Ages: 1000-1500===
====Holocaust issues====
====Holocaust issues====
Coppa (2005) reassesses the attitudes and policies toward Nazi racism of Pope Pius XI (1922-1939). Although Pius XI accepted and practiced religious anti-Judaism, he consistently opposed racial anti-Semitism on theological grounds throughout his papacy. As a result, he resisted the course of accommodation and conciliation favored by others within the Catholic Church, including Eugenio Pacelli (1876-1958), who served as papal secretary of state from 1930 prior to succeeding Pius XI as Pope Pius XII in 1939. Between 1933 and 1939 Pius XI waged a campaign against Nazi and Fascist racism and anti-Semitism that included public speeches and published condemnations denouncing the division of humanity on the basis of race as well as the commission of a "secret" encyclical on the incompatibility of racism and Catholicism that remained unpublished until 1995. His confrontational stance therefore sharply contrasted with the silence of Pope Pius XII during the Holocaust.
Coppa (2005) reassesses the attitudes and policies toward Nazi racism of Pope Pius XI (1922-1939). Although Pius XI accepted and practiced religious anti-Judaism, he consistently opposed racial anti-Semitism on theological grounds throughout his papacy. As a result, he resisted the course of accommodation and conciliation favored by others within the Catholic Church, including Eugenio Pacelli (1876-1958), who served as papal secretary of state from 1930 prior to succeeding Pius XI as Pope Pius XII in 1939. Between 1933 and 1939 Pius XI waged a campaign against Nazi and Fascist racism and anti-Semitism that included public speeches and published condemnations denouncing the division of humanity on the basis of race as well as the commission of a "secret" encyclical on the incompatibility of racism and Catholicism that remained unpublished until 1995. His confrontational stance therefore sharply contrasted with the silence of Pope Pius XII during the Holocaust.
==Continuous, unbroken witness in history==
History itself bears undeniable and irrefutable documented witness, attested even among the most hostile enemies of the Catholic Church, that the entire line of the popes, and the office of the papacy to the present day, has never refused to publicly proclaim the [[doctrine]] and [[dogma]] that [[Jesus Christ]] is the only-begotten Son of God and Lord and Savior of all mankind who has sent the Holy Spirit to lead us into all truth forever, that Jesus is with us to the end of time, and that there is no other name under heaven given among men by which we must be [[Salvation|saved]]. The pope has never proclaimed the name of any [[Other gods|other god]] as Lord, but only the name of the one [[Trinity|God, the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit]]. Amen.<ref>John 14:16-17; John 16:13; Matthew 28:18-20; Acts 1:8; 2:38-39; Acts 4:11-12. See [[Creed]] and [[Catholic Church]]; also [http://papalencyclicals.net/Councils/ Church Councils]. </ref>
== See also ==
== See also ==
*[[Evolution and the pope]]
*[[Evolution and the pope]]
*[[Great Apostasy]]
== External links ==
== External links ==
*[http://papalencyclicals.net/Councils/ Church Councils]. The Documents and Canons of the Councils of the Catholic Orthodox Church from Nicaea I to Vatican II
*[http://papalencyclicals.net/Councils/ Church Councils]. The Documents and Canons of the Councils of the Catholic Orthodox Church from Nicaea I to Vatican II
*[http://www.dailycatholic.org/history/councils.htm Major Councils of the Church (dailycatholic.org)]
*[http://www.cwnews.com/index.cfm Catholic World News] Conservative updates and commentary.
*[http://www.cwnews.com/index.cfm Catholic World News] Conservative updates and commentary.
*[http://freeforumzone.leonardo.it/viewmessaggi.aspx?f=65482&idd=431&p=97 Papa Ratzinger Forum]
*[http://freeforumzone.leonardo.it/viewmessaggi.aspx?f=65482&idd=431&p=97 Papa Ratzinger Forum]