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[[Image:00811h.jpg|thumb|300px|right|The Senate Munitions Committee: Arthur H. Vandenberg, Bennett Champ Clark, Gerald Nye, counsel Alger Hiss, and Homer T. Bone]]In 1934, again with an assist from [[Lee Pressman|Pressman]] ([http://www.nytimes.com/1997/03/09/books/the-truest-believer.html?pagewanted=all according to Jackson]),<ref>[[#refWeinstein78|Weinstein 1978]]: 143</ref> Hiss, "[[#refChronology|on loan]]" from AAA, became [[#refMHSL|General Counsel]] for the [[U.S. Senate]]'s [[Special Committee Investigating the Munitions Industry|Nye committee]], which investigated people Chairman [http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=n000176 Gerald P. Nye] (R.-N.D.) called [[Wall Street]]'s "merchants of death," whom he accused of conspiracy to "drag the [[United States|U.S.]] into a struggle" with [[Nazi]] [[Germany]] that, according to the U.S. Senate Historical Office, the noted [[progressive]]<ref>John Whiteclay Chambers II, "[http://www.answers.com/topic/gerald-nye Nye, Gerald P.]," ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=_Rzy_yNMKbcC The Oxford Companion to American Military History]'' (Oxford University Press, 1999) ISBN 0195071980, p. 515</ref> maintained was [http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/merchants_of_death.htm none of our business]. One scholar dubbed these hearings a "witch-hunt" for "subversive [[capitalist]]s," in which Hiss was to Nye what [[Roy Cohn]] would later be to [[Senator]] [[Joe McCarthy]] (R.-Wisc.)<ref>Peter Viereck, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=7Xu9KvBGlZMC Unadjusted Man in the Age of Overadjustment: Where History and Literature Intersect]'' (Edison, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 2004) ISBN 0765808064, pp. 156-157</ref> On the [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1916lenin-imperialism.html Leninist theory] that "capitalism was a cause of aggression,"<ref>James Grant, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=A5bfknd-WcQC Bernard M. Baruch: The Adventures of a Wall Street Legend]'' (John Wiley and Sons, 1997) ISBN 0471170755, p. 261</ref> Hiss employed what would later come to be known as "McCarthyite"<ref>[[#refHerman99|Herman 1999]]: 220</ref> methods, [http://www.stopthenorthamericanunion.com/DotsImages/AlgerHiss.jpg badgering] witnesses. Even his son would admit that Hiss was "as intolerant as any communist ... high-handed, smug, arrogant," particularly toward the "business leaders he cross-examined caustically."<ref>[[#refHiss2000|T. Hiss 2000]]</ref> One such witness, [http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/baruch.html Bernard Baruch], was reportedly the first man to openly assert that Hiss was a [[communist]].<ref>Bruce Craig, “[http://web.archive.org/web/20100604145023/http://www.nyu.edu/library/bobst/research/tam/hiss_bruce_craig.pdf Alger Hiss: Recent Explorations in Documenting the Public and Private Man]” (Alger Hiss and History, Inaugural Conference, Center for the United States and the Cold War, New York University, April 5, 2007), p. 5 (Archived). Hiss reciprocated, calling Baruch "a [[#refLH88|vain and overrated]] [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/polonius Polonius]."</ref>
[[Image:00811h.jpg|thumb|300px|right|The Senate Munitions Committee: Arthur H. Vandenberg, Bennett Champ Clark, Gerald Nye, counsel Alger Hiss, and Homer T. Bone]]In 1934, again with an assist from [[Lee Pressman|Pressman]] ([http://www.nytimes.com/1997/03/09/books/the-truest-believer.html?pagewanted=all according to Jackson]),<ref>[[#refWeinstein78|Weinstein 1978]]: 143</ref> Hiss, "[[#refChronology|on loan]]" from AAA, became [[#refMHSL|General Counsel]] for the [[U.S. Senate]]'s [[Special Committee Investigating the Munitions Industry|Nye committee]], which investigated people Chairman [http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=n000176 Gerald P. Nye] (R.-N.D.) called [[Wall Street]]'s "merchants of death," whom he accused of conspiracy to "drag the [[United States|U.S.]] into a struggle" with [[Nazi]] [[Germany]] that, according to the U.S. Senate Historical Office, the noted [[progressive]]<ref>John Whiteclay Chambers II, "[http://www.answers.com/topic/gerald-nye Nye, Gerald P.]," ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=_Rzy_yNMKbcC The Oxford Companion to American Military History]'' (Oxford University Press, 1999) ISBN 0195071980, p. 515</ref> maintained was [http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/merchants_of_death.htm none of our business]. One scholar dubbed these hearings a "witch-hunt" for "subversive [[capitalist]]s," in which Hiss was to Nye what [[Roy Cohn]] would later be to [[Senator]] [[Joe McCarthy]] (R.-Wisc.)<ref>Peter Viereck, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=7Xu9KvBGlZMC Unadjusted Man in the Age of Overadjustment: Where History and Literature Intersect]'' (Edison, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 2004) ISBN 0765808064, pp. 156-157</ref> On the [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1916lenin-imperialism.html Leninist theory] that "capitalism was a cause of aggression,"<ref>James Grant, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=A5bfknd-WcQC Bernard M. Baruch: The Adventures of a Wall Street Legend]'' (John Wiley and Sons, 1997) ISBN 0471170755, p. 261</ref> Hiss employed what would later come to be known as "McCarthyite"<ref>[[#refHerman99|Herman 1999]]: 220</ref> methods, [http://www.stopthenorthamericanunion.com/DotsImages/AlgerHiss.jpg badgering] witnesses. Even his son would admit that Hiss was "as intolerant as any communist ... high-handed, smug, arrogant," particularly toward the "business leaders he cross-examined caustically."<ref>[[#refHiss2000|T. Hiss 2000]]</ref> One such witness, [http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/baruch.html Bernard Baruch], was reportedly the first man to openly assert that Hiss was a [[communist]].<ref>Bruce Craig, “[http://web.archive.org/web/20100604145023/http://www.nyu.edu/library/bobst/research/tam/hiss_bruce_craig.pdf Alger Hiss: Recent Explorations in Documenting the Public and Private Man]” (Alger Hiss and History, Inaugural Conference, Center for the United States and the Cold War, New York University, April 5, 2007), p. 5 (Archived). Hiss reciprocated, calling Baruch "a [[#refLH88|vain and overrated]] [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/polonius Polonius]."</ref>
The [[USSR|Soviets]] took great interest in the work of the committee for its [[propaganda]] value<ref>[[#refRomerstein01|Romerstein, Breindel 2001]]: 115-116</ref> as well as its access to classified documents on U.S. armaments and foreign policy.<ref>[[#refHaunted|Weinstein, Vassiliev 1999]]: 40</ref> [[Moscow]] had at least one source on the staff of the committee, who provided valuable documents to the [[Kremlin]] in 1935,<ref>[[#refHaunted|Weinstein, Vassiliev 1999]]: 28-29</ref> the [[#refVenona1822|same year]] an agent later code-named "Ales" (pronounced "Alles") began working for [[GRU|Soviet military intelligence]]. The committee's chief investigator, Stephen Rauschenbusch,<ref>This was the [http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/rhetoric_and_public_affairs/v011/11.2.zietsma.pdf son of] Walter Rauschenbusch (Elizabeth Balanoff, [http://www2.roosevelt.edu/library/oralhistory/02-Herstein.pdf Interview with Lillian Herstein, Book 2], May 7, 1971 [Oral History Project in Labor History, Roosevelt University, 2006], p. 246 [PDF p. 41]), [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/rausch-socialgospel.html founder of] the "Social Gospel" movement--who wrote that Christianity should "aid the evolution of society from the present temporary stage of individualism to a higher form of communism." (Walter Rauschenbusch, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=mug-AAAAYAAJ Christianity and the Social Crisis]'' [Macmillan, 1913], p. 414) He also investigated [[Fabian socialism]] in England "under the tutelage of Beatrice and Sidney Webb" (Donovan Ebersole Smucker, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=fIP_Til4U64C The Origins of Walter Rauschenbusch's Social Ethics]'' [McGill-Queen's University Press, 1994] ISBN 0773511636, p. 18), for whom "communism became... a substitute for religion." Richard Ingrams, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=ezBbAAAAMAAJ Muggeridge: The Biography]'' (HarperCollins, 1995) ISBN 0002556103, p. 76</ref> would later refuse to testify as a character witness for Hiss;<ref>[[#refWhite04|White 2004]]: 68</ref> Nye would tell FBI investigators that he believed Hiss was a [[Communist]] during his time on the committee,<ref>[[#refWeinstein78|Weinstein 1978]]: 43-44</ref> and would later say he believed Hiss used his position for [[espionage]].<ref>John E. Wiltz, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=xpDtAAAAMAAJ In Search of Peace: The Senate Munitions Inquiry, 1934-1936]'' (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1963) ISBN B000GX1RX0, p. 53</ref>
The [[USSR|Soviets]] took great interest in the work of the committee for its [[propaganda]] value<ref>[[#refRomerstein01|Romerstein, Breindel 2001]]: 115-116</ref> as well as its access to classified documents on U.S. armaments and foreign policy.<ref>[[#refHaunted|Weinstein, Vassiliev 1999]]: 40</ref> [[Moscow]] had at least one source on the staff of the committee, who provided valuable documents to the [[Kremlin]] in 1935,<ref>[[#refHaunted|Weinstein, Vassiliev 1999]]: 28-29</ref> the [[#refVenona1822|same year]] an agent later code-named "Ales" (pronounced "Alles") began working for [[GRU|Soviet military intelligence]]. The committee's chief investigator, Stephen Rauschenbusch,<ref>This was the [http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/rhetoric_and_public_affairs/v011/11.2.zietsma.pdf son of] Walter Rauschenbusch (Elizabeth Balanoff, [http://www2.roosevelt.edu/library/oralhistory/02-Herstein.pdf Interview with Lillian Herstein, Book 2], May 7, 1971 [Oral History Project in Labor History, Roosevelt University, 2006], p. 246 [PDF p. 41]), [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/rausch-socialgospel.html founder of] the "Social Gospel" movement--who wrote that Christianity should "aid the evolution of society from the present temporary stage of individualism to a higher form of communism." (Walter Rauschenbusch, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=mug-AAAAYAAJ Christianity and the Social Crisis]'' [Macmillan, 1913], p. 414) He also investigated [[Fabian socialism]] in England "under the tutelage of Beatrice and Sidney Webb" (Donovan Ebersole Smucker, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=fIP_Til4U64C The Origins of Walter Rauschenbusch's Social Ethics]'' [McGill-Queen's University Press, 1994] ISBN 0773511636, p. 18), for whom "communism became... a substitute for religion." Richard Ingrams, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=ezBbAAAAMAAJ Muggeridge: The Biography]'' (HarperCollins, 1995) ISBN 0002556103, p. 76</ref> would later refuse to testify as a character witness for Hiss;<ref>[[#refWhite04|White 2004]]: 68</ref> Nye would tell FBI investigators that he believed Hiss was a [[Communist]] during his time on the committee,<ref>[[#refWeinstein78|Weinstein 1978]]: 43-44</ref> and would later say he believed Hiss used his position for [[espionage]].<ref>John E. Wiltz, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=xpDtAAAAMAAJ In Search of Peace: The Senate Munitions Inquiry, 1934-1936]'' (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1963) ISBN B000GX1RX0, p. 53</ref>
Barely a month after joining the committee staff,<ref>[[#refHaunted|Weinstein, Vassiliev 1999]]: 40</ref> [http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/03/09/reviews/chambers-chronology.html Hiss met] [[Whittaker Chambers]]. A decade later, "Vadim" ([[Anatoly Gorsky]], then chief of Soviet intelligence in the U.S.)<ref>[[#refSword|Andrew, Mitrokin 2000]]: 90</ref> would report to Moscow that "‘Ales’ ... used to work in ‘Karl’s’ informational group, which was affiliated with the neighbors"<ref>[[#refVasBlack|Vassiliev Black Notebook]]: Orig. 26; Trans. 50-51</ref> (According to [[NSA]] cryptographers, "neighbors" was the code name for the [[GRU]], Soviet military intelligence);<ref>[[#refVStory|Benson 2001]]: 29 (PDF 31)</ref> three years after that, Gorsky would identify "Karl" as "Whittaker Chambers, former editor in chief of 'Time' magazine. Traitor."<ref>[[#refVasBlack|Vassiliev Black Notebook]]: Orig. 39; Trans. 77 (cf. [[#refBLH05|Bachman, Leich, Haynes 2005]]; [[#refLowCher|Lowenthal, Chervonnaya 2005]]); [[#refRomerstein01|Romerstein, Breindel 2001]]: 163; [[#refBC07|Bird, Chervonnaya 2007]]</ref>
Barely a month after joining the committee staff,<ref>[[#refHaunted|Weinstein, Vassiliev 1999]]: 40</ref> [http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/03/09/reviews/chambers-chronology.html Hiss met] [[Whittaker Chambers]]. A decade later, "Vadim" ([[Anatoly Gorsky]], then chief of Soviet intelligence in the U.S.)<ref>[[#refSword|Andrew, Mitrokin 2000]]: 90</ref> would report to Moscow that "‘Ales’ ... used to work in ‘Karl’s’ informational group, which was affiliated with the neighbors"<ref>[[#refVasBlack|Vassiliev Black Notebook]]: Orig. 26; Trans. 50-51</ref> (According to [[NSA]] cryptographers, "neighbors" was the code name for the [[GRU]], Soviet military intelligence);<ref>[[#refVStory|Benson 2001]]: 29 (PDF 31)</ref> three years after that, Gorsky would identify "Karl" as "Whittaker Chambers, former editor in chief of 'Time' magazine. Traitor."<ref>[[#refVasBlack|Vassiliev Black Notebook]]: Orig. 39; Trans. 77 (cf. [[#refBLH05|Bachman, Leich, Haynes 2005]]; [[#refLowCher|Lowenthal, Chervonnaya 2005]]); [[#refRomerstein01|Romerstein, Breindel 2001]]: 163; [[#refBC07|Bird, Chervonnaya 2007]]</ref>
According to Chambers, he was introduced to Hiss by Communist underground boss<ref>[[#refHUAC48|HUAC 1948]]: 569 (PDF 79); cf. [[#refHK03|Haynes, Klehr 2003]]: 143-146</ref> [[J. Peters]];<ref>[[#refChambers52|Chambers 1952]]: 339</ref> Hiss would claim that Chambers had wandered into his office without introduction, as a [[#refHissAppellate|free-lance]] [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,799060-2,00.html writer] looking for a story. [[Whittaker Chambers|Chambers]]' version would be corroborated by the [http://www.lib.uiowa.edu/spec-coll/Bai/bevilacq.htm radical] novelist [[Josephine Herbst]], whose then-[[husband]], [[John Herrmann]], was an AAA official, a member of the [[Ware group]]<ref>Philip A. Greasley, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=ZnuYKJSoHCMC Dictionary of Midwestern Literature: The Authors],'' (Indiana University Press, 2001) ISBN 0253336090, p. 264</ref> and a courier for the [[Communist]] underground<ref>[[#refHerman99|Herman 1999]]: 85</ref> subordinate to Chambers.<ref>Elinor Langer, "The Secret Drawer," ''The Nation'', May 30, 1994, p. 756. Herbst would be the first journalist to learn that Hiss's friend and teacher, José Robles, had been secretly [http://www.nytimes.com/1984/08/05/books/a-life-of-passionate-commitments.html?&pagewanted=all executed by the Communists]. Paul Preson, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=GdXvTmgQJc4C We Saw Spain Die: Foreign Correspondents in the Spanish Civil War]'', (Skyhorse Publishing Inc., 2009) ISBN 1602397678, p. 64</ref> Correspondence between Herrmann and Herbst confirms Chambers' testimony "to the detriment of Hiss";<ref>David D. Anderson, "John Herrmann, Midwestern Modern, Part II: The Alger Hiss Case and the Midwestern Literary Connection," ''[http://www.ssml.org/publications/midwest/mm_1991.pdf Midwestern Miscellany'' XIX] (East Lansing, MI: The Midwestern Press, 1991), p. 46</ref> Hiss would later claim that he did not even know Herrmann—[http://www.thenation.com/article/great-pumpkin a "lie,"] according to Herbst's biographer.
According to Chambers, he was introduced to Hiss by Communist underground boss<ref>[[#refHUAC48|HUAC 1948]]: 569 (PDF 79); cf. [[#refHK03|Haynes, Klehr 2003]]: 143-146</ref> [[J. Peters]];<ref>[[#refChambers52|Chambers 1952]]: 339</ref> Hiss would claim that Chambers had wandered into his office without introduction, as a [[#refHissAppellate|free-lance]] [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,799060-2,00.html writer] looking for a story. [[Whittaker Chambers|Chambers]]' version would be corroborated by the [http://www.lib.uiowa.edu/spec-coll/Bai/bevilacq.htm radical] novelist [[Josephine Herbst]], whose then-[[husband]], [[John Herrmann]], was an AAA official, a member of the [[Ware group]]<ref>Philip A. Greasley, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=ZnuYKJSoHCMC Dictionary of Midwestern Literature: The Authors],'' (Indiana University Press, 2001) ISBN 0253336090, p. 264</ref> and a courier for the [[Communist]] underground<ref>[[#refHerman99|Herman 1999]]: 85</ref> subordinate to Chambers.<ref>Elinor Langer, "The Secret Drawer," ''The Nation'', May 30, 1994, p. 756. Herbst would be the first journalist to learn that Hiss's friend and teacher, José Robles, had been secretly [http://www.nytimes.com/1984/08/05/books/a-life-of-passionate-commitments.html?&pagewanted=all executed by the Communists]. Paul Preson, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=GdXvTmgQJc4C We Saw Spain Die: Foreign Correspondents in the Spanish Civil War]'', (Skyhorse Publishing Inc., 2009) ISBN 1602397678, p. 64</ref> Correspondence between Herrmann and Herbst confirms Chambers' testimony "to the detriment of Hiss";<ref>David D. Anderson, "John Herrmann, Midwestern Modern, Part II: The Alger Hiss Case and the Midwestern Literary Connection," ''[http://www.ssml.org/publications/midwest/mm_1991.pdf Midwestern Miscellany'' XIX] (East Lansing, MI: The Midwestern Press, 1991), p. 46</ref> Hiss would later claim that he did not even know Herrmann—[http://www.thenation.com/article/great-pumpkin a "lie,"] according to Herbst's biographer.
The transcripts also record [[Noel Field|Field]] [[#refTanenhaus93|saying that he turned over]] [[State Department]] documents to [[Hede Massing]] in the 1930s. In other statements Field twice said that although Hiss knew that Field “was a [[Communist]],” he strongly supported Field at the State Department and even tried to help him obtain a job as a State Department adviser in the [[Philippines]] in 1940.<ref>Ethan Klingsberg, "Case Closed on Alger Hiss?" ''The Nation'', November 8, 1993</ref> The dossier likewise records a statement by Field that he briefly visited Hiss in 1939 in [[America]], where they agreed that if either's cover was ever blown, he would communicate to the other indirectly.<ref>Sam Tanenhaus, “Hiss: Guilty as Charged,” ''Commentary'', April 1993; Sam Tanenhaus, "New Reasons to Doubt Hiss," ''Wall Street Journal'', November 18, 1993</ref> Shortly before his [http://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/02/arts/hermann-field-wartime-prisoner-and-novelist-90.html death in 2001], Field's brother Hermann said the dossier was accurate: Noel Field confirmed to him, said his brother, that [http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=vx&list=h-diplo&month=0506&week=d&msg=TtrUE8GbtON64EPU7AQOzA&user=&pw= Hiss was a spy].
The transcripts also record [[Noel Field|Field]] [[#refTanenhaus93|saying that he turned over]] [[State Department]] documents to [[Hede Massing]] in the 1930s. In other statements Field twice said that although Hiss knew that Field “was a [[Communist]],” he strongly supported Field at the State Department and even tried to help him obtain a job as a State Department adviser in the [[Philippines]] in 1940.<ref>Ethan Klingsberg, "Case Closed on Alger Hiss?" ''The Nation'', November 8, 1993</ref> The dossier likewise records a statement by Field that he briefly visited Hiss in 1939 in [[America]], where they agreed that if either's cover was ever blown, he would communicate to the other indirectly.<ref>Sam Tanenhaus, “Hiss: Guilty as Charged,” ''Commentary'', April 1993; Sam Tanenhaus, "New Reasons to Doubt Hiss," ''Wall Street Journal'', November 18, 1993</ref> Shortly before his [http://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/02/arts/hermann-field-wartime-prisoner-and-novelist-90.html death in 2001], Field's brother Hermann said the dossier was accurate: Noel Field confirmed to him, said his brother, that [http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=vx&list=h-diplo&month=0506&week=d&msg=TtrUE8GbtON64EPU7AQOzA&user=&pw= Hiss was a spy].
[[Image:A. Hiss - Yurist.jpg|thumb|250px|left|The name “A. Hiss” and code name "Yurist" (Jurist) in Cyrillic (А. Хисс—"Юрист") from Vassiliev's notes on a Moscow Center annotation. ''Image source: [[#refVas|Cold War International History Project]], Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars'']]In a 1936 memorandum, found in the [[NKVD]] archives by former [[KGB]] agent [http://www.randomhouse.com/author/results.pperl?authorid=31935 Alexander Vassiliev], [[Hede Massing|Massing]] complains to [[Moscow]] that [[Field]] (whom she refers to by his code name "Ernst")<ref>R.C.S. Trahair, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=VNSMrps8mpcC Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies, and Secret Operations]'' (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004) ISBN 0313319553, p. 76</ref> "was approached by Alger Hiss" (Massing uses his real name), who "informed him that he is a Communist" with "ties to an organization working for the Sov. Union" —a serious breach of discipline. (A Moscow Center annotation identifies "A. Hiss" as the GRU agent designated by the code name "Jurist.")<ref>[[#refVasYellow2|Vassiliev Yellow Notebook #2]]: Orig. 3; Trans. 4; cf. [[#refHaunted|Weinstein, Vassiliev 1999]]: 6; [[#refSpies09|Haynes, Klehr, Vassiliev 2009]]: 6-7</ref> As a result, noted [[Boris Bazarov]], [[OGPU]] "illegal" station chief for the [[United States]],<ref>[[#refSpies09|Haynes, Klehr, Vassiliev 2009]]: 222</ref> Field "and Hiss [Bazarov also used Hiss's real name] [[#refPowers2000|have been openly identified]]" as [[USSR|Soviet]] agents.<ref>[[#refHaunted|Weinstein, Vassiliev 1999]]: 7; [[#refPowers04|Powers 2004]]: 89; [[#refWhite04|White 2004]]: 228</ref>
[[Image:A. Hiss - Yurist.jpg|thumb|250px|left|The name “A. Hiss” and code name "Yurist" (Jurist) in Cyrillic (А. Хисс—"Юрист") from Vassiliev's notes on a Moscow Center annotation. ''Image source: [[#refVas|Cold War International History Project]], Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars'']]In a 1936 memorandum, found in the [[NKVD]] archives by former [[KGB]] agent [http://www.randomhouse.com/author/results.pperl?authorid=31935 Alexander Vassiliev], [[Hede Massing|Massing]] complains to [[Moscow]] that [[Field]] (whom she refers to by his code name "Ernst")<ref>R.C.S. Trahair, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=VNSMrps8mpcC Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies, and Secret Operations]'' (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004) ISBN 0313319553, p. 76</ref> "was approached by Alger Hiss" (Massing uses his real name), who "informed him that he is a Communist" with "ties to an organization working for the Sov. Union" —a serious breach of discipline. (A Moscow Center annotation identifies "A. Hiss" as the GRU agent designated by the code name "Jurist.")<ref>[[#refVasYellow2|Vassiliev Yellow Notebook #2]]: Orig. 3; Trans. 4; cf. [[#refHaunted|Weinstein, Vassiliev 1999]]: 6; [[#refSpies09|Haynes, Klehr, Vassiliev 2009]]: 6-7</ref> As a result, noted [[Boris Bazarov]], [[OGPU]] "illegal" station chief for the [[United States]],<ref>[[#refSpies09|Haynes, Klehr, Vassiliev 2009]]: 222</ref> Field "and Hiss [Bazarov also used Hiss's real name] [[#refPowers2000|have been openly identified]]" as [[USSR|Soviet]] agents.<ref>[[#refHaunted|Weinstein, Vassiliev 1999]]: 7; [[#refPowers04|Powers 2004]]: 89; [[#refWhite04|White 2004]]: 228</ref>
According to [[Hede Massing|Massing]], Hiss also asked [[Noel Field|Field]] to use his connections to help Hiss get into the [[State Department]].<ref>[[#refHK03|Haynes, Klehr 2003]]: 150; [[#refWhite04|White 2004]]: 228</ref>
According to [[Hede Massing|Massing]], Hiss also asked [[Noel Field|Field]] to use his connections to help Hiss get into the [[State Department]].<ref>[[#refHK03|Haynes, Klehr 2003]]: 150; [[#refWhite04|White 2004]]: 228</ref>
Hiss took a 25% pay cut<ref>[[#refWhite04|White 2004]]: 41</ref> to transfer into the [[State Department]] in September 1936, the same month a [[GRU]] agent designated by the code name "Jurist" began working there.<ref>[[#refSpies09|Haynes, Klehr, Vassiliev 2009]]: 12</ref> Hiss was now special assistant to Assistant [[Secretary of State]] for Trade Agreements Francis B. Sayre, [http://archives.williams.edu/williamshistory/biographies/sayre-francis.php son-in-law] of [[Woodrow Wilson]]. Two years later, Alger's younger [[brother]] [[Donald Hiss|Donald]], who had followed him to [[Johns Hopkins University|Johns Hopkins]], [[Harvard Law School|Harvard Law]], and a clerkship for [[Oliver Wendell Holmes|Justice Holmes]], would join him at State, rising to the position of [http://www.nytimes.com/1989/05/20/obituaries/donald-hiss-82-ex-us-official-and-lawyer-in-washington-firm.html assistant to future Secretary of State] [[Dean Acheson]].
Hiss took a 25% pay cut<ref>[[#refWhite04|White 2004]]: 41</ref> to transfer into the [[State Department]] in September 1936, the same month a [[GRU]] agent designated by the code name "Jurist" began working there.<ref>[[#refSpies09|Haynes, Klehr, Vassiliev 2009]]: 12</ref> Hiss was now special assistant to Assistant [[Secretary of State]] for Trade Agreements Francis B. Sayre, [http://archives.williams.edu/williamshistory/biographies/sayre-francis.php son-in-law] of [[Woodrow Wilson]]. Two years later, Alger's younger [[brother]] [[Donald Hiss|Donald]], who had followed him to [[Johns Hopkins University|Johns Hopkins]], [[Harvard Law School|Harvard Law]], and a clerkship for [[Oliver Wendell Holmes|Justice Holmes]], would join him at State, rising to the position of [http://www.nytimes.com/1989/05/20/obituaries/donald-hiss-82-ex-us-official-and-lawyer-in-washington-firm.html assistant to future Secretary of State] [[Dean Acheson]].
In a [[#refHK07|cable]] of the era found in the [[NKVD]] archives by Vassiliev, NKVD illegal [[Iskhak Abdulovich Akhmerov]] reports to [[Moscow]] that [[J. Peters]] (code-[http://hnn.us/articles/11581.html named] [[#refBLH05|"Storm"]])<ref>[[#refVasBlack|Vassiliev Black Notebook]]: Orig. 39; Trans. 77 (cf. [[#refBLH05|Bachman, Leich, Haynes 2005]]; [[#refLowCher|Lowenthal, Chervonnaya 2005]]); [[#refRomerstein01|Romerstein, Breindel 2001]]: 163; [[#refBC07|Bird, Chervonnaya 2007]]</ref> told him that "Hiss [Akhmerov used his real name] used to be a member of ''bratskiy'' organization (the [http://www.johnearlhaynes.org/page66.html CPUSA underground]) who had been implanted into 'Surrogate' (cover name for the [[State Department]])<ref>[[#refHaunted|Weinstein, Vassiliev 1999]]: 5</ref> and sent to the Neighbors [the [[GRU]]]<ref>[[#refVStory|Benson 2001]]: 29 (PDF 31)</ref>...."<ref>[[#refHK03|Haynes, Klehr 2003]]: 150; [[#refWhite04|White 2004]]: 230</ref>
In a [[#refHK07|cable]] of the era found in the [[NKVD]] archives by Vassiliev, NKVD illegal [[Iskhak Abdulovich Akhmerov]] reports to [[Moscow]] that [[J. Peters]] (code-[http://hnn.us/articles/11581.html named] [[#refBLH05|"Storm"]])<ref>[[#refVasBlack|Vassiliev Black Notebook]]: Orig. 39; Trans. 77 (cf. [[#refBLH05|Bachman, Leich, Haynes 2005]]; [[#refLowCher|Lowenthal, Chervonnaya 2005]]); [[#refRomerstein01|Romerstein, Breindel 2001]]: 163; [[#refBC07|Bird, Chervonnaya 2007]]</ref> told him that "Hiss [Akhmerov used his real name] used to be a member of ''bratskiy'' organization (the [http://www.johnearlhaynes.org/page66.html CPUSA underground]) who had been implanted into 'Surrogate' (cover name for the [[State Department]])<ref>[[#refHaunted|Weinstein, Vassiliev 1999]]: 5</ref> and sent to the Neighbors [the [[GRU]]]<ref>[[#refVStory|Benson 2001]]: 29 (PDF 31)</ref>...."<ref>[[#refHK03|Haynes, Klehr 2003]]: 150; [[#refWhite04|White 2004]]: 230</ref>
At some point in 1935-37, [[Whittaker Chambers|Chambers]] [[#refHUAC8-17-48|gave Hiss a rug]] from Bokhara, in [[Soviet]] [[Uzbekistan]]. Just before [[Christmas]] 1936, [[Soviet]] [[Colonel]] [[Boris Bykov]], head of [[GRU|Soviet military intelligence]] in the U.S.,<ref>[[#refSpies09|Haynes, Klehr, Vassiliev 2009]]: 639</ref> had given Chambers $800 (equivalent to approximately [[#refBLS|$13,000 today]]) to buy four [http://justiceiro.smugmug.com/photos/113296067-M.jpg Bokhara rugs] for Hiss, [[Harry Dexter White]], [[George Silverman]], and [[Julian Wadleigh]], according to Chambers; Hiss would later claim that Chambers had given him his rug in 1935 in partial payment for rent.
At some point in 1935-37, [[Whittaker Chambers|Chambers]] [[#refHUAC8-17-48|gave Hiss a rug]] from Bokhara, in [[Soviet]] [[Uzbekistan]]. Just before [[Christmas]] 1936, [[Soviet]] [[Colonel]] [[Boris Bykov]], head of [[GRU|Soviet military intelligence]] in the U.S.,<ref>[[#refSpies09|Haynes, Klehr, Vassiliev 2009]]: 639</ref> had given Chambers $800 (equivalent to approximately [[#refBLS|$13,000 today]]) to buy four [http://justiceiro.smugmug.com/photos/113296067-M.jpg Bokhara rugs] for Hiss, [[Harry Dexter White]], [[George Silverman]], and [[Julian Wadleigh]], according to Chambers; Hiss would later claim that Chambers had given him his rug in 1935 in partial payment for rent.
Among those who directed the President's attention to the issue of Soviet agents in the government was Roosevelt's erstwhile congressional ally<ref>"Initially, Dies supported the New Deal." (William D. Pederson, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=cv-kRJoXag4C The FDR years]'' [Infobase Publishing, 2006] ISBN 0816053685, p. 67) "He was in full agreement with the Public Works Administration and with government regulation of banks and businesses. He proposed a comprehensive unemployment program of public works and wanted to use idle gold in Fort Knox to finance the relief program. He also asked Congress to increase gift and inheritance taxes, grant homestead exemptions on small farms and on homes worth five thousand dollars or less, and legislate tax differentials favoring small merchants." Dies also had a record of "support for governmental controls over giant corporations in order to preserve democracy and opportunity." George N. Green, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=egiHx_P8H0AC The establishment in Texas politics: the primitive years, 1938-1957]'' (University of Oklahoma Press, 1984) ISBN 0806118911, pp. 69-70</ref> [http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=D000338 Martin Dies], Democrat of Texas. The President, recalled Dies, was "furious"—not at the infiltration of his administration by agents of a foreign power then allied with the Nazis, but with Dies for mentioning it—"you must see a bug-a-boo under every bed," he railed, adding "there is nothing wrong with the Communists in this country. Several of the best friends I have are Communists."<ref>Martin Dies, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=BEl3AAAAMAAJ Martin Dies' story]'' (Bookmailer, 1963), p. 144</ref>
Among those who directed the President's attention to the issue of Soviet agents in the government was Roosevelt's erstwhile congressional ally<ref>"Initially, Dies supported the New Deal." (William D. Pederson, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=cv-kRJoXag4C The FDR years]'' [Infobase Publishing, 2006] ISBN 0816053685, p. 67) "He was in full agreement with the Public Works Administration and with government regulation of banks and businesses. He proposed a comprehensive unemployment program of public works and wanted to use idle gold in Fort Knox to finance the relief program. He also asked Congress to increase gift and inheritance taxes, grant homestead exemptions on small farms and on homes worth five thousand dollars or less, and legislate tax differentials favoring small merchants." Dies also had a record of "support for governmental controls over giant corporations in order to preserve democracy and opportunity." George N. Green, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=egiHx_P8H0AC The establishment in Texas politics: the primitive years, 1938-1957]'' (University of Oklahoma Press, 1984) ISBN 0806118911, pp. 69-70</ref> [http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=D000338 Martin Dies], Democrat of Texas. The President, recalled Dies, was "furious"—not at the infiltration of his administration by agents of a foreign power then allied with the Nazis, but with Dies for mentioning it—"you must see a bug-a-boo under every bed," he railed, adding "there is nothing wrong with the Communists in this country. Several of the best friends I have are Communists."<ref>Martin Dies, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=BEl3AAAAMAAJ Martin Dies' story]'' (Bookmailer, 1963), p. 144</ref>
Dies was chairman of the [[House Committee on Un-American Activities]]. HUAC had grown out of a 1934 resolution (calling for the formation of a special committee to probe into "un-American activities") [http://www.americanjewisharchives.org/aja/FindingAids/Dick.htm introduced by] Congressman [[Samuel Dickstein]] (D-N.Y.)—a [http://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/03/books/the-kremlin-connection.html?pagewanted=all Soviet agent] [https://web.archive.org/web/20030707171840/http://boston.com/globe/search/stories/books/weinstein_vassiliev.htm code-named "Crook."]<ref>[[#refVasWhite2|Vassiliev White Notebook #2]]: Orig. 42-50; Trans 82-99</ref> Under the pretext of investigating U.S. fascists,<ref>[[#refVasBlack|Vassiliev Black Notebook]]: Orig. 78; Trans. 155</ref> Dickstein was secretly paid by Moscow more than $12,000<ref>[[#refHaunted|Weinstein, Vassiliev 1999]]: 140-150</ref> (equivalent to more than [[#refBLS|$180,000 today]]) while using the committee to persecute [http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,929957,00.html American businessmen], [http://www.amconmag.com/article/2009/aug/01/00043/ Soviet defectors] and [http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/journal_of_cold_war_studies/v011/11.3.fox.pdf Trotskyites].<ref>[[#refSpies09|Haynes, Klehr, Vassiliev 2009]]: 475-476</ref>
Dies was chairman of the [[House Committee on Un-American Activities]]. HUAC had grown out of a 1934 resolution (calling for the formation of a special committee to probe into "un-American activities") [http://www.americanjewisharchives.org/aja/FindingAids/Dick.htm introduced by] Congressman [[Samuel Dickstein]] (D-N.Y.)—a [http://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/03/books/the-kremlin-connection.html?pagewanted=all Soviet agent] [https://web.archive.org/web/20030707171840/http://boston.com/globe/search/stories/books/weinstein_vassiliev.htm code-named "Crook."]<ref>[[#refVasWhite2|Vassiliev White Notebook #2]]: Orig. 42-50; Trans 82-99</ref> Under the pretext of investigating U.S. fascists,<ref>[[#refVasBlack|Vassiliev Black Notebook]]: Orig. 78; Trans. 155</ref> Dickstein was secretly paid by Moscow more than $12,000<ref>[[#refHaunted|Weinstein, Vassiliev 1999]]: 140-150</ref> (equivalent to more than [[#refBLS|$180,000 today]]) while using the committee to persecute [http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,929957,00.html American businessmen], [http://www.amconmag.com/article/2009/aug/01/00043/ Soviet defectors] and [http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/journal_of_cold_war_studies/v011/11.3.fox.pdf Trotskyites].<ref>[[#refSpies09|Haynes, Klehr, Vassiliev 2009]]: 475-476</ref>
During the [[Molotov-Ribbentrop pact]], HUAC, now under Chairman Dies, included in its probes the Nazis' then-allies,<ref>Although one American public school teacher's guide claims that the [[Nazi-Soviet pact]] "was not an alliance. At the start of World War II, Joseph Stalin (...strongly anti-fascist) was aligned with Great Britain and France against the Axis Powers of Germany," etc., (''[http://books.google.com/books?id=1KtAAFE2nAwC World War II]'' [Social Studies School Service, 2007] ISBN 156004313X, p. S11), this is false. As French Communist Party leaders Maurice Thoruz and Jacques Duclos put it upon the Nazi conquest of France, "the struggle of the French people has the same aim as the struggle of German imperialism. It is a fact that in this sense there is a temporary alliance." ([[#refTolstoy82|Tolstoy 1982]]: 113) As late as January 1941, the Soviets were appealing to the Nazis for permission to join as full members of the Axis. (Gerhard L. Weinberg, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=xlsrAxuWekQC A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II]'' (Cambridge University Press, 2005) ISBN 0521618266, p. 202) Six months later, when the pact collapsed, the USSR rushed into the arms of the Allies, which the Communists viewed as yet another "temporary alliance." David Gress, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=NKyzGG92uMUC From Plato to NATO: The Idea of the West and Its Opponents]'' (Simon and Schuster, 2004) ISBN 0743264886, p. 408</ref> including Communists.<ref>[[#refVasBlack|Vassiliev Black Notebook]]: Orig. 78; Trans. 155</ref> In the midst of the [[Nazi-Soviet pact|Pact]], the [[House Committee on Un-American Activities|Dies committee]] obtained the membership list of the Washington Committee for Democratic Action, which would be confirmed as a [[Attorney General's list|Communist front]] the following year by [[Franklin Roosevelt|Roosevelt]]'s [[Attorney General]] Francis Biddle.<ref>[[#refEvans07|Evans 2007]]: 55 (n. 6), 610</ref> Included on the roster was the name of Priscilla Hiss,<ref>[[#refWeinstein78|Weinstein 1978]]: 329; [[#refWhite04|White 2004]]: 48</ref> with the notation appended, "[[Husband]] with [[State Department]]."<ref>[[#refNKVD|NKVD]]: [[#refSilv82.120|109 (PDF 120)]], [[#refSilv|FBI Silvermaster file]]</ref>
During the [[Molotov-Ribbentrop pact]], HUAC, now under Chairman Dies, included in its probes the Nazis' then-allies,<ref>Although one American public school teacher's guide claims that the [[Nazi-Soviet pact]] "was not an alliance. At the start of World War II, Joseph Stalin (...strongly anti-fascist) was aligned with Great Britain and France against the Axis Powers of Germany," etc., (''[http://books.google.com/books?id=1KtAAFE2nAwC World War II]'' [Social Studies School Service, 2007] ISBN 156004313X, p. S11), this is false. As French Communist Party leaders Maurice Thoruz and Jacques Duclos put it upon the Nazi conquest of France, "the struggle of the French people has the same aim as the struggle of German imperialism. It is a fact that in this sense there is a temporary alliance." ([[#refTolstoy82|Tolstoy 1982]]: 113) As late as January 1941, the Soviets were appealing to the Nazis for permission to join as full members of the Axis. (Gerhard L. Weinberg, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=xlsrAxuWekQC A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II]'' (Cambridge University Press, 2005) ISBN 0521618266, p. 202) Six months later, when the pact collapsed, the USSR rushed into the arms of the Allies, which the Communists viewed as yet another "temporary alliance." David Gress, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=NKyzGG92uMUC From Plato to NATO: The Idea of the West and Its Opponents]'' (Simon and Schuster, 2004) ISBN 0743264886, p. 408</ref> including Communists.<ref>[[#refVasBlack|Vassiliev Black Notebook]]: Orig. 78; Trans. 155</ref> In the midst of the [[Nazi-Soviet pact|Pact]], the [[House Committee on Un-American Activities|Dies committee]] obtained the membership list of the Washington Committee for Democratic Action, which would be confirmed as a [[Attorney General's list|Communist front]] the following year by [[Franklin Roosevelt|Roosevelt]]'s [[Attorney General]] Francis Biddle.<ref>[[#refEvans07|Evans 2007]]: 55 (n. 6), 610</ref> Included on the roster was the name of Priscilla Hiss,<ref>[[#refWeinstein78|Weinstein 1978]]: 329; [[#refWhite04|White 2004]]: 48</ref> with the notation appended, "[[Husband]] with [[State Department]]."<ref>[[#refNKVD|NKVD]]: [[#refSilv82.120|109 (PDF 120)]], [[#refSilv|FBI Silvermaster file]]</ref>
On April 25, 1945, [[Pavel Fitin]], head of [[NKVD]] foreign intelligence, reported to NKVD Chief [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,858400-1,00.html Vsevolod Merkulov] that [[Harold Glasser]], a Soviet agent in the [[United States Department of the Treasury|U.S. Treasury]] code-named "Ruble,"<ref>[[#refVasWhite3|Vassiliev White Notebook #3]]: Orig. 23; Trans. 44</ref> learned of this award from his friend, "Ales," a GRU agent:
On April 25, 1945, [[Pavel Fitin]], head of [[NKVD]] foreign intelligence, reported to NKVD Chief [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,858400-1,00.html Vsevolod Merkulov] that [[Harold Glasser]], a Soviet agent in the [[United States Department of the Treasury|U.S. Treasury]] code-named "Ruble,"<ref>[[#refVasWhite3|Vassiliev White Notebook #3]]: Orig. 23; Trans. 44</ref> learned of this award from his friend, "Ales," a GRU agent:
[[Image:Hissetal.jpg|thumb|300 px|Vishinskii (2nd from left), Molotov (5th from left), Stettinius (7th from left), Alger Hiss (right), ca. January 1945. ''Image courtesy Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, National Archives and Records Administration'']]{{cquote|According to data from [[Anatoly Gorsky|Vadim]] the group of agents of the [[GRU|"military" neighbors]] whose part [[Harold Glasser|Ruble]] was earlier, recently was decorated with orders of the USSR. Ruble learned about this fact from his friend Ales, who is the head of the mentioned group.<ref>[[#refHaunted|Weinstein, Vassiliev 1999]]: 269</ref>}}
[[Image:Hissetal.jpg|thumb|300 px|Vishinskii (2nd from left), Molotov (5th from left), Stettinius (7th from left), Alger Hiss (right), ca. January 1945. ''Image courtesy Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, National Archives and Records Administration'']]{{cquote|According to data from [[Anatoly Gorsky|Vadim]] the group of agents of the [[GRU|"military" neighbors]] whose part [[Harold Glasser|Ruble]] was earlier, recently was decorated with orders of the USSR. Ruble learned about this fact from his friend Ales, who is the head of the mentioned group.<ref>[[#refHaunted|Weinstein, Vassiliev 1999]]: 269</ref>}}
This memo apparently refers to [[Venona project|Venona]] [[#refVenona1822|decrypt 1822]], dated March 30, 1945, in which "Vadim" ([[Anatoly Gorsky]]) reports,<ref>The translation used here is that of [[#refSchindler05|John R. Schindler]]. Cf. Eric
This memo apparently refers to [[Venona project|Venona]] [[#refVenona1822|decrypt 1822]], dated March 30, 1945, in which "Vadim" ([[Anatoly Gorsky]]) reports,<ref>The translation used here is that of [[#refSchindler05|John R. Schindler]]. Cf. Eric
Breindel, "Goodies from the Venona files: Hiss’ Guilt," ''The New Republic'', April 15, 1996, reprinted in [http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CREC-1996-04-18/pdf/CREC-1996-04-18-pt1-PgH3640.pdf ''The Congressional Record'' Vol. 142, No. 50] (April 18, 1996), pp. H03644-H03645 (PDF pp. 5-6)</ref> following up on a conversation with "Ales," that "Ales has been working with the neighbors [GRU]<ref>John Earl Haynes, [http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=vx&list=H-Diplo&month=0501&week=a&msg=obaTGXSrsBmHu2ps7TI6fA&user=&pw= KGB sources and the Hiss/'Ales' dispute], H-Diplo Discussion Logs, Humanities and Social Sciences Net Online (Michigan State University), January 5, 2005</ref> continuously since 1935"; that for "a few years now he has been the director of a small group of probationers [agents]<ref>[[#refVStory|Benson 2001]]: 17, 29 (PDF 19, 31)</ref> of the neighbors for the most part drawn from his relatives";<ref>[[#refBenson95|Benson 1995]]</ref> that recently, "Ales and his whole group were awarded Soviet medals"; and that after "the Yalta conference, back in Moscow, one very high-ranking Soviet worker allegedly had contact with Ales (Ales implied that it was Comrade [[Andrey Vyshinsky|Vyshinskii]]) and at the request of the [[GRU|military neighbors]] he conveyed to him their thanks, etc." Regarding "Ales," one FBI memo reports:
Breindel, "Goodies from the Venona files: Hiss’ Guilt," ''The New Republic'', April 15, 1996, reprinted in [http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CREC-1996-04-18/pdf/CREC-1996-04-18-pt1-PgH3640.pdf ''The Congressional Record'' Vol. 142, No. 50] (April 18, 1996), pp. H03644-H03645 (PDF pp. 5-6)</ref> following up on a conversation with "Ales," that "Ales has been working with the neighbors [GRU]<ref>John Earl Haynes, [http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=vx&list=H-Diplo&month=0501&week=a&msg=obaTGXSrsBmHu2ps7TI6fA&user=&pw= KGB sources and the Hiss/'Ales' dispute], H-Diplo Discussion Logs, Humanities and Social Sciences Net Online (Michigan State University), January 5, 2005</ref> continuously since 1935"; that for "a few years now he has been the director of a small group of probationers [agents]<ref>[[#refVStory|Benson 2001]]: 17, 29 (PDF 19, 31)</ref> of the neighbors for the most part drawn from his relatives";<ref>[[#refBenson95|Benson 1995]]</ref> that recently, "Ales and his whole group were awarded Soviet medals"; and that after "the Yalta conference, back in Moscow, one very high-ranking Soviet worker allegedly had contact with Ales (Ales implied that it was Comrade [[Andrey Vyshinsky|Vyshinskii]]) and at the request of the [[GRU|military neighbors]] he conveyed to him their thanks, etc." Regarding "Ales," one FBI memo reports:
Meanwhile, "Vadim" ([[Anatoly Gorsky|Gorsky]])<ref>[[#refSword|Andrew, Mitrokin 2000]]: 90</ref> wanted to meet with "Ales" at the conference, according to [[#refFoote|a cable]] Vassiliev discovered in the Soviet archives. His notes indicate that "Ales" had worked with "Ruble" ([[#refBLH05|Harold Glasser]]) as a member of a group run by "Karl" (Whittaker Chambers).<ref>[[#refVasBlack|Vassiliev Black Notebook]]: Orig. 39; Trans. 77; cf. [[#refBLH05|Bachman, Leich, Haynes 2005]]; [[#refLowCher|Lowenthal, Chervonnaya 2005]]</ref> The cable adds that "'Ruble' gives 'Ales' an exceptionally good political reference as a member of the [[Communist Party|Comparty]].... completely aware that he is Communist in an illegal position, with all the ensuing consequences," and recommends (according to the notes) that he be approached at the UN conference by "Sergei" (NKVD agent [[Vladimir Pravdin]],<ref>[[#refVStory|Benson 2001]]: 31 (PDF 34)</ref> then under cover as New York bureau chief of the Soviet news agency TASS)<ref>[[#refSword|Andrew, Mitrokin 2000]]: 124; "Pravdin" was actually [[#refKlehr04|Rolland Abbiat, murderer of Ignace Reiss]].</ref> or Gorsky, "alluding either to the password, or to '[[Harold Glasser|Ruble]]', or simply to [[#refHK07|'Ales's' progressive attitudes]]."
Meanwhile, "Vadim" ([[Anatoly Gorsky|Gorsky]])<ref>[[#refSword|Andrew, Mitrokin 2000]]: 90</ref> wanted to meet with "Ales" at the conference, according to [[#refFoote|a cable]] Vassiliev discovered in the Soviet archives. His notes indicate that "Ales" had worked with "Ruble" ([[#refBLH05|Harold Glasser]]) as a member of a group run by "Karl" (Whittaker Chambers).<ref>[[#refVasBlack|Vassiliev Black Notebook]]: Orig. 39; Trans. 77; cf. [[#refBLH05|Bachman, Leich, Haynes 2005]]; [[#refLowCher|Lowenthal, Chervonnaya 2005]]</ref> The cable adds that "'Ruble' gives 'Ales' an exceptionally good political reference as a member of the [[Communist Party|Comparty]].... completely aware that he is Communist in an illegal position, with all the ensuing consequences," and recommends (according to the notes) that he be approached at the UN conference by "Sergei" (NKVD agent [[Vladimir Pravdin]],<ref>[[#refVStory|Benson 2001]]: 31 (PDF 34)</ref> then under cover as New York bureau chief of the Soviet news agency TASS)<ref>[[#refSword|Andrew, Mitrokin 2000]]: 124; "Pravdin" was actually [[#refKlehr04|Rolland Abbiat, murderer of Ignace Reiss]].</ref> or Gorsky, "alluding either to the password, or to '[[Harold Glasser|Ruble]]', or simply to [[#refHK07|'Ales's' progressive attitudes]]."
[[Image:Hisscharter.jpg|thumb|300 px|left|Hiss arrives in Washington from San Francisco with UN Charter in fireproof [http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,852292,00.html safe with parachute]. ''Image courtesy United States Air Force'']]In April 1945, at the UN conference, [[Harold Glasser|Glasser]] slipped [[Anatoly Gorsky|Gorsky]] a warning that the FBI had notified Stettinius that Bureau surveillance had followed a bundle of State Department documents from Washington to New York, where they were photographed, then returned within 24 hours to Washington. Only three people had access to these documents, one of whom was "Ales." Stettinius told "Ales": "I hope it is not you."<ref>[[#refHaunted|Weinstein, Vassiliev 1999]]: 267-268. The [[Communist Party]]'s ardor for the UN was evident that month, when the Party's [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/157923/Eugene-Dennis general secretary] wrote in an [http://politicalaffairs.net/a-new-era-begins/ official organ] of the [[CPUSA]]: "Great popular support and enthusiasm for the United Nations policies should be built up, well organized and fully articulate. But it is necessary to do more than that. The opposition must be rendered so impotent that it will be unable to gather any significant support in the Senate against the United Nations Charter and the treaties which will follow." Eugene Dennis, "Yalta and America's National Unity," [http://books.google.com/books?id=T8kcAAAAIAAJ ''Political Affairs'', Vol. 24] (April 1945), p. 300</ref>
[[Image:Hisscharter.jpg|thumb|300 px|left|Hiss arrives in Washington from San Francisco with UN Charter in fireproof [http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,852292,00.html safe with parachute]. ''Image courtesy United States Air Force'']]In April 1945, at the UN conference, [[Harold Glasser|Glasser]] slipped [[Anatoly Gorsky|Gorsky]] a warning that the FBI had notified Stettinius that Bureau surveillance had followed a bundle of State Department documents from Washington to New York, where they were photographed, then returned within 24 hours to Washington. Only three people had access to these documents, one of whom was "Ales." Stettinius told "Ales": "I hope it is not you."<ref>[[#refHaunted|Weinstein, Vassiliev 1999]]: 267-268. The [[Communist Party]]'s ardor for the UN was evident that month, when the Party's [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/157923/Eugene-Dennis general secretary] wrote in an [http://politicalaffairs.net/a-new-era-begins/ official organ] of the [[CPUSA]]: "Great popular support and enthusiasm for the United Nations policies should be built up, well organized and fully articulate. But it is necessary to do more than that. The opposition must be rendered so impotent that it will be unable to gather any significant support in the Senate against the United Nations Charter and the treaties which will follow." Eugene Dennis, "Yalta and America's National Unity," [http://books.google.com/books?id=T8kcAAAAIAAJ ''Political Affairs'', Vol. 24] (April 1945), p. 300</ref>
After the conference, Stettinius resigned to become the first [[U.S.]] Ambassador to the [[United Nations]]. His successor as [[Secretary of State]], [http://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/byrnes-james-francis James Byrnes], was immediately "faced with the problem of what he would do with Alger."<ref>William Powell, [http://web.archive.org/web/20070316101732/http://www.un.org/depts/dhl/unationsday/docs/johnson10june85.pdf UN Interview, Joseph Johnson, June 10, 1985], p. 27 (PDF p. 29), UN Oral History Collection, Yale University Library (Archive)</ref> Byrnes had been "pushed out" of planning the UN conference, according to Stettinius, after [[FDR]] had signaled "that Alger Hiss and I should handle this entirely ourselves."<ref>[[#refStettinius75|Stettinius 1975]]: 249</ref>
After the conference, Stettinius resigned to become the first [[U.S.]] Ambassador to the [[United Nations]]. His successor as [[Secretary of State]], [http://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/byrnes-james-francis James Byrnes], was immediately "faced with the problem of what he would do with Alger."<ref>William Powell, [http://web.archive.org/web/20070316101732/http://www.un.org/depts/dhl/unationsday/docs/johnson10june85.pdf UN Interview, Joseph Johnson, June 10, 1985], p. 27 (PDF p. 29), UN Oral History Collection, Yale University Library (Archive)</ref> Byrnes had been "pushed out" of planning the UN conference, according to Stettinius, after [[FDR]] had signaled "that Alger Hiss and I should handle this entirely ourselves."<ref>[[#refStettinius75|Stettinius 1975]]: 249</ref>
[[Image:Red star order.jpg|thumb|125px|left|Alger Hiss and Harold Glasser were awarded the Order of the Red Star for their loyalty to the Soviet Union.]]
[[Image:Red star order.jpg|thumb|125px|left|Alger Hiss and Harold Glasser were awarded the Order of the Red Star for their loyalty to the Soviet Union.]]
Bentley's unlikely account was corroborated by the previously-cited April 25, 1945 memo from [[Pavel Fitin]], head of [[NKVD]] foreign intelligence, to NKVD Chief Vsevolod Merkulov, noting that Glasser had worked for both the [[NKVD]] and [[GRU]]:
Bentley's unlikely account was corroborated by the previously-cited April 25, 1945 memo from [[Pavel Fitin]], head of [[NKVD]] foreign intelligence, to NKVD Chief Vsevolod Merkulov, noting that Glasser had worked for both the [[NKVD]] and [[GRU]]:
{{cquote|Our agent RUBLE, drawn to work for the Soviet Union in May 1937, passed initially through the [[GRU|military "neighbors"]] and then through our station ([[NKVD]]) valuable information on political and economic issues.<ref>[[#refHaunted|Weinstein, Vassiliev 1999]]: 268-269; [[#refWhite04|White 2004]]: 226</ref>}}
{{cquote|Our agent RUBLE, drawn to work for the Soviet Union in May 1937, passed initially through the [[GRU|military "neighbors"]] and then through our station ([[NKVD]]) valuable information on political and economic issues.<ref>[[#refHaunted|Weinstein, Vassiliev 1999]]: 268-269; [[#refWhite04|White 2004]]: 226</ref>}}
Bentley said that [[Charles Kramer]] (who would be identified by both [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,856648,00.html Lee Pressman] and [[#refTime3.3.52|Nathaniel Weyl]] as a member of the [[Ware group]]) told her that the person who had done this “was named Hiss and that he was in the U.S. State Department.”<ref>Statement of Elizabeth Terrell Bentley ([[#refSilv6|Silvermaster file, Vol. 6]]), [[#refSilv6.106|p. 105 (PDF p. 106)]]. Cf. [[#refSpies09|Haynes, Klehr, Vassiliev 2009]]: 23</ref> She said after "Jack" (Soviet agent Joseph Katz)<ref>Robert J. Lamphere and Tom Shachtman, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=IB_ShD9fTcsC The FBI-KGB War: A Special Agent's Story]'' (Atlanta: Mercer University Press, 1995) ISBN 0865544778, p. 296</ref> asked her who Hiss was, she clipped an article in which Hiss was mentioned from the New York daily ''PM'', whose [http://www.ifstone.org/pm.php Washington correspondent], [[I.F. Stone]], was (according to Oleg Kalugin, former head of [[KGB]] operations in the United States) a [[fellow traveller|fellow traveler]]<ref>Oleg Kalugin and Fen Montaigne, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=OqkNAAAACAAJ The First Directorate: My 32 Years in Intelligence & Espionage Against the West]'' (Darby, Penn.: Diane Publishing Company, 1994), ISBN 0788151118, p. 74. According to Stone [http://network.nationalpost.com/np/blogs/fullcomment/archive/2009/06/14/robert-fulford-two-views-on-i-f-stone.aspx hagiographer] D.D. Guttenplan, Stone [[#refGuttenplan09|admitted as much]] himself. As Stone put it in 1989, "In a way, I was half a Jeffersonian and half a [[Marxist]]. I never saw a contradiction between the two, and [http://archive.mrc.org/notablequotables/1989/nq19890710.asp I still don't]."</ref> who [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/01/books/review/Berman.t.htm?pagewanted=all cooperated with Soviet intelligence] as an "agent of influence."<ref>Myra MacPherson, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=kP3i6WsQBtsC 'All Governments Lie!': The Life and Times of Rebel Journalist I. F. Stone]'' (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006) ISBN 0684807130, p. 327. MacPherson goes on to quote Kalugin explaining that such agents "could shape public opinion, manipulate public opinion," and that Stone "was willing to perform tasks." Stone was identified in the Venona project with the code name "Blin" (Pancake) ([http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/venona/undated/kgb_ny_moscow.pdf Index of Cover Names, New York-Moscow Communications], p. 10), an identification confirmed by a 13 April 1936 KGB New York station report. The following month, the station reported that relations with "Pancake" had entered "the channel of normal operational work," meaning that Stone had become a "[[#refHKV5.09|fully active agent]]." ([[#refSpies09|Haynes, Klehr, Vassiliev 2009]]: 150) Stone also [[#refVenona1506|met with "Sergei"]], who, under cover as "[[Vladimir Pravdin]]," ([[#refVStory|Benson 2001]]: 31 [PDF 34]) New York bureau chief of the Soviet government news agency TASS ([[#refSword|Andrew, Mitrokin 2000]]: 124), was actually [[NKVD]] agent [[#refKlehr04|Roland Abbiat]], murderer of Ignace Reiss. [[#refKriv39|Krivitsky 1939]]: 261-263 (PDF 285-287)</ref> Bentley said “It is my present recollection that this newspaper article stated Hiss’ full name was Eugene [sic] Hiss and that he was an adviser to [[Dean Acheson]] in the State Department.”<ref>[http://www.education-research.org/PDFs/splitfiles/splitprocessed/Silvermaster006_Folder/Silvermaster006_page106.pdf Silvermaster file, Vol. 6, p. 105 (PDF p. 106)]. According to Foreign Service Officer Jacques J. Reinstein, Hiss served as assistant to Acheson. Thomas Dunnigan, [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/D?mfdip:7:./temp/~ammem_JLez:: Interview with Jacques J. Reinstein], Foreign Affairs Oral History Collection, Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training, February 5, 2001</ref> FBI investigation quickly closed in on Alger Hiss.<ref>[[#refNKVD|NKVD]]: [http://www.education-research.org/PDFs/splitfiles/splitprocessed/Silvermaster082_Folder/Silvermaster082_page119.pdf 108 (PDF 119)]</ref> This was consistent with the above-cited March 5, 1945 cable,<ref>Alexander Vassiliev’s notes on a cipher telegram from Vadim [Anatoly Gorsky], 5 March 1945, cited in [[#refFoote|Haynes 2007]]</ref> in which Gorsky reports: "‘Ales’ and ‘Ruble’ [Harold Glasser]<ref>[http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/venona/undated/kgb_wash_moscow.pdf Index of KGB Covernames: Washington-Moscow Communications], p. 3 (National Security Agency)</ref> used to work in ‘Karl’s’ (Whittaker Chambers)<ref>[[#refVasBlack|Vassiliev Black Notebook]]: Orig. 39; Trans. 77; cf. [[#refBLH05|Bachman, Leich, Haynes 2005]]; [[#refLowCher|Lowenthal, Chervonnaya 2005]]</ref> informational group, which was affiliated with the neighbors [GRU]."<ref>[[#refVStory|Benson 2001]]: 29 (PDF 31)</ref> Before the end of 1945, a State Department Security memorandum summarized:
Bentley said that [[Charles Kramer]] (who would be identified by both [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,856648,00.html Lee Pressman] and [[#refTime3.3.52|Nathaniel Weyl]] as a member of the [[Ware group]]) told her that the person who had done this “was named Hiss and that he was in the U.S. State Department.”<ref>Statement of Elizabeth Terrell Bentley ([[#refSilv6|Silvermaster file, Vol. 6]]), [[#refSilv6.106|p. 105 (PDF p. 106)]]. Cf. [[#refSpies09|Haynes, Klehr, Vassiliev 2009]]: 23</ref> She said after "Jack" (Soviet agent Joseph Katz)<ref>Robert J. Lamphere and Tom Shachtman, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=IB_ShD9fTcsC The FBI-KGB War: A Special Agent's Story]'' (Atlanta: Mercer University Press, 1995) ISBN 0865544778, p. 296</ref> asked her who Hiss was, she clipped an article in which Hiss was mentioned from the New York daily ''PM'', whose [http://www.ifstone.org/pm.php Washington correspondent], [[I.F. Stone]], was (according to Oleg Kalugin, former head of [[KGB]] operations in the United States) a [[fellow traveller|fellow traveler]]<ref>Oleg Kalugin and Fen Montaigne, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=OqkNAAAACAAJ The First Directorate: My 32 Years in Intelligence & Espionage Against the West]'' (Darby, Penn.: Diane Publishing Company, 1994), ISBN 0788151118, p. 74. According to Stone [http://network.nationalpost.com/np/blogs/fullcomment/archive/2009/06/14/robert-fulford-two-views-on-i-f-stone.aspx hagiographer] D.D. Guttenplan, Stone [[#refGuttenplan09|admitted as much]] himself. As Stone put it in 1989, "In a way, I was half a Jeffersonian and half a [[Marxist]]. I never saw a contradiction between the two, and [http://archive.mrc.org/notablequotables/1989/nq19890710.asp I still don't]."</ref> who [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/01/books/review/Berman.t.htm?pagewanted=all cooperated with Soviet intelligence] as an "agent of influence."<ref>Myra MacPherson, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=kP3i6WsQBtsC 'All Governments Lie!': The Life and Times of Rebel Journalist I. F. Stone]'' (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006) ISBN 0684807130, p. 327. MacPherson goes on to quote Kalugin explaining that such agents "could shape public opinion, manipulate public opinion," and that Stone "was willing to perform tasks." Stone was identified in the Venona project with the code name "Blin" (Pancake) ([http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/venona/undated/kgb_ny_moscow.pdf Index of Cover Names, New York-Moscow Communications], p. 10), an identification confirmed by a 13 April 1936 KGB New York station report. The following month, the station reported that relations with "Pancake" had entered "the channel of normal operational work," meaning that Stone had become a "[[#refHKV5.09|fully active agent]]." ([[#refSpies09|Haynes, Klehr, Vassiliev 2009]]: 150) Stone also [[#refVenona1506|met with "Sergei"]], who, under cover as "[[Vladimir Pravdin]]," ([[#refVStory|Benson 2001]]: 31 [PDF 34]) New York bureau chief of the Soviet government news agency TASS ([[#refSword|Andrew, Mitrokin 2000]]: 124), was actually [[NKVD]] agent [[#refKlehr04|Roland Abbiat]], murderer of Ignace Reiss. [[#refKriv39|Krivitsky 1939]]: 261-263 (PDF 285-287)</ref> Bentley said “It is my present recollection that this newspaper article stated Hiss’ full name was Eugene [sic] Hiss and that he was an adviser to [[Dean Acheson]] in the State Department.”<ref>[http://www.education-research.org/PDFs/splitfiles/splitprocessed/Silvermaster006_Folder/Silvermaster006_page106.pdf Silvermaster file, Vol. 6, p. 105 (PDF p. 106)]. According to Foreign Service Officer Jacques J. Reinstein, Hiss served as assistant to Acheson. Thomas Dunnigan, [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/D?mfdip:7:./temp/~ammem_JLez:: Interview with Jacques J. Reinstein], Foreign Affairs Oral History Collection, Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training, February 5, 2001</ref> FBI investigation quickly closed in on Alger Hiss.<ref>[[#refNKVD|NKVD]]: [http://www.education-research.org/PDFs/splitfiles/splitprocessed/Silvermaster082_Folder/Silvermaster082_page119.pdf 108 (PDF 119)]</ref> This was consistent with the above-cited March 5, 1945 cable,<ref>Alexander Vassiliev’s notes on a cipher telegram from Vadim [Anatoly Gorsky], 5 March 1945, cited in [[#refFoote|Haynes 2007]]</ref> in which Gorsky reports: "‘Ales’ and ‘Ruble’ [Harold Glasser]<ref>[http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/venona/undated/kgb_wash_moscow.pdf Index of KGB Covernames: Washington-Moscow Communications], p. 3 (National Security Agency)</ref> used to work in ‘Karl’s’ (Whittaker Chambers)<ref>[[#refVasBlack|Vassiliev Black Notebook]]: Orig. 39; Trans. 77; cf. [[#refBLH05|Bachman, Leich, Haynes 2005]]; [[#refLowCher|Lowenthal, Chervonnaya 2005]]</ref> informational group, which was affiliated with the neighbors [GRU]."<ref>[[#refVStory|Benson 2001]]: 29 (PDF 31)</ref> Before the end of 1945, a State Department Security memorandum summarized:
{{cquote|Bentley advised that members of this group had told her that Hiss of the State Department had taken Harold Glasser of the Treasury Department, and 2 or 3 others, and had turned them over to direct control by the Soviet representatives in this country. In this regard, attention is directed to Whittaker Chambers' statement regarding Alger Hiss and to the statement by Gouzenko, regarding an assistant to the Secretary of State who was a Soviet agent.<ref>[[#refSISS16|SISS Part 16]]: 1072 (PDF 12)</ref>}}
{{cquote|Bentley advised that members of this group had told her that Hiss of the State Department had taken Harold Glasser of the Treasury Department, and 2 or 3 others, and had turned them over to direct control by the Soviet representatives in this country. In this regard, attention is directed to Whittaker Chambers' statement regarding Alger Hiss and to the statement by Gouzenko, regarding an assistant to the Secretary of State who was a Soviet agent.<ref>[[#refSISS16|SISS Part 16]]: 1072 (PDF 12)</ref>}}