Changes

In 1953, Mandela created the M-plan (named after him) - a contingency plan in case the ANC - like the Communist Party - was declared illegal. The M-plan detailed how the party could run underground, communicating with members without resorting to public meetings.<ref name="AllAfrica"/> Throughout the fifties Mandela would be consistently banned, arrested and imprisoned.<ref name="AllAfrica"/> In 1960 - the more radical Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) broke away from the ANC; their tactics- though still peaceful - were more aggressive and were met with violence.<ref name="AllAfrica"/><ref name="independent biography"/> On March 21, 1961 police killed 69 peaceful protestors in what became known as the Sharpeville Massacre; after this massacre both parties were banned.<ref name="AllAfrica"/><ref name="NYT obituary"/><ref name="independent biography"/>

In 1953, Mandela created the M-plan (named after him) - a contingency plan in case the ANC - like the Communist Party - was declared illegal. The M-plan detailed how the party could run underground, communicating with members without resorting to public meetings.<ref name="AllAfrica"/> Throughout the fifties Mandela would be consistently banned, arrested and imprisoned.<ref name="AllAfrica"/> In 1960 - the more radical Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) broke away from the ANC; their tactics- though still peaceful - were more aggressive and were met with violence.<ref name="AllAfrica"/><ref name="independent biography"/> On March 21, 1961 police killed 69 peaceful protestors in what became known as the Sharpeville Massacre; after this massacre both parties were banned.<ref name="AllAfrica"/><ref name="NYT obituary"/><ref name="independent biography"/>

He also had been a Communist, and even went as far as to give a speech on how to be a good communist.<ref>http://web.archive.org/web/20041204063644/http://home.wanadoo.nl/rhodesia/goodcom.html</ref> In addition, he also was a senior member of the South African Communist Party by his arrest in 1962.<ref>http://newobserveronline.com/mandela-lied-to-world-south-african-communist-party-admits-he-was-senior-central-committee-member/</ref> In 1990 at Johannesburg, he was also photographed with his then-wife Winnie (who was infamous for her method of execution known as necklacing, which involved putting a tire to a person's neck filled with gasoline and setting them on fire) as well as Stalinist member Joe Slovo during a South African Communist Party rally with the Soviet Star and Hammer and Sickle logos prominently displayed on a red background.<ref>https://timeonhands.files.wordpress.com/2013/12/soviet-support-for-nelson-mandela.jpg</ref>

He also had been a Communist, and even went as far as to give a speech on how to be a good communist.<ref name="web.archive.org">http://web.archive.org/web/20041204063644/http://home.wanadoo.nl/rhodesia/goodcom.html</ref> In addition, he also was a senior member of the South African Communist Party by his arrest in 1962.<ref>http://newobserveronline.com/mandela-lied-to-world-south-african-communist-party-admits-he-was-senior-central-committee-member/</ref> In 1990 at Johannesburg, he was also photographed with his then-wife Winnie (who was infamous for her method of execution known as necklacing, which involved putting a tire to a person's neck filled with gasoline and setting them on fire) as well as Stalinist member Joe Slovo during a South African Communist Party rally with the Soviet Star and Hammer and Sickle logos prominently displayed on a red background.<ref>https://timeonhands.files.wordpress.com/2013/12/soviet-support-for-nelson-mandela.jpg</ref>

===Militarist leader===

===Militarist leader===

The new, violent, methods of the ANC were to destroy power plants and communications systems; the goal was that these acts would limit overseas investment. Mandela was adamant that the group not kill, but by the end of its 20-year campaign 63 people had been killed and 483 injured; the group was declared a [[terrorist]] group by the white South African government and the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/8304153/Nelson-Mandelas-Spear-of-the-Nation-the-ANCs-armed-resistance.html|title=Nelson Mandela's Spear of the Nation: the ANC's armed resistance|author=Laing, Aislinn|work=The Telegraph|language=English|date=February 5, 2011|accessdate=December 18, 2013}}</ref> Mandela left the country soon after the Spear of the Nation began its tactics, hoping to generate worldwide support and economic sanctions so that Pretoria might abandon apartheid.<ref name="independent biography"/> In 1962, Mandela was arrested after 17 months in hiding, charged with incitement to strike and illegally leaving the country.<ref name="independent biography"/> Mandela was convicted and sentenced to five years in prison.<ref name="AllAfrica"/><ref name="independent biography"/>

The new, violent, methods of the ANC were to destroy power plants and communications systems; the goal was that these acts would limit overseas investment. Mandela was adamant that the group not kill, but by the end of its 20-year campaign 63 people had been killed and 483 injured; the group was declared a [[terrorist]] group by the white South African government and the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/8304153/Nelson-Mandelas-Spear-of-the-Nation-the-ANCs-armed-resistance.html|title=Nelson Mandela's Spear of the Nation: the ANC's armed resistance|author=Laing, Aislinn|work=The Telegraph|language=English|date=February 5, 2011|accessdate=December 18, 2013}}</ref> Mandela left the country soon after the Spear of the Nation began its tactics, hoping to generate worldwide support and economic sanctions so that Pretoria might abandon apartheid.<ref name="independent biography"/> In 1962, Mandela was arrested after 17 months in hiding, charged with incitement to strike and illegally leaving the country.<ref name="independent biography"/> Mandela was convicted and sentenced to five years in prison.<ref name="AllAfrica"/><ref name="independent biography"/>

{{QuoteBox2|quote=“I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons will live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal for which I hope to live for and to see realized. But my lord, if it needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die.”|source=Nelson Mandela<ref name="NYT obituary"/>|align=right|width=300px}}

{{QuoteBox2|quote=“I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons will live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal for which I hope to live for and to see realized. But my lord, if it needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die.”|source=Nelson Mandela<ref name="NYT obituary"/>|align=right|width=300px}}

While serving, the South African police raided a farm near Rivonia - finding future plans of sabotage; Mandela and his colleagues were charged with organising sabotage and violent revolution as well as furthering the aims of communism; at his trial, Mandela declared his ideal of democracy in a four-hour speech - concluding, "It is an ideal for which I am prepared to die."<ref name="independent biography"/> Mandela acknowledged his crimes - that he was the commander of Spear of the Nation and that he had made alliances with Communists, but declared that he had turned to violence only when nonviolent means were foreclosed and likened his affiliation with Communists to Churchill’s cooperation with Stalin against Hitler.<ref name="NYT obituary"/> Nelson also commented on his political evolution from black nationalist to multiracialist.<ref name="NYT obituary"/> In part due to overwhelming pressure from the international community - including a near-unanimous vote by the [[United Nations]] - the lives of the accused were spared; Mandela and his colleagues were sentenced to life in prison.<ref name="NYT obituary"/> When President Botha offered to have him pardoned if he would renounce terrorism, he refused.<ref>http://web.archive.org/web/20041204063644/http://home.wanadoo.nl/rhodesia/goodcom.html</ref>

While serving, the South African police raided a farm near Rivonia - finding future plans of sabotage; Mandela and his colleagues were charged with organising sabotage and violent revolution as well as furthering the aims of communism; at his trial, Mandela declared his ideal of democracy in a four-hour speech - concluding, "It is an ideal for which I am prepared to die."<ref name="independent biography"/> Mandela acknowledged his crimes - that he was the commander of Spear of the Nation and that he had made alliances with Communists, but declared that he had turned to violence only when nonviolent means were foreclosed and likened his affiliation with Communists to Churchill’s cooperation with Stalin against Hitler.<ref name="NYT obituary"/> Nelson also commented on his political evolution from black nationalist to multiracialist.<ref name="NYT obituary"/> In part due to overwhelming pressure from the international community - including a near-unanimous vote by the [[United Nations]] - the lives of the accused were spared; Mandela and his colleagues were sentenced to life in prison.<ref name="NYT obituary"/> When President Botha offered to have him pardoned if he would renounce terrorism, he refused.<ref name="web.archive.org"/>

==Imprisonment==

==Imprisonment==