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'''Jim Crow''' was the system of racial segregation in the Southern U.S. from the 1880s to 1964 in which African Americans were segregated (separated) in public schools and public places, so that they did not mingle in public with whites on equal terms. It also means that blacks had little or no political power. It was a low point in [[Black history]] after the euphoria of [[Reconstruction]].  The most prominent black leader was [[Booker T. Washington]].

'''Jim Crow''' was the system of racial segregation in the Southern U.S. from the 1880s to 1964 in which African Americans were segregated (separated) in public schools and public places, so that they did not mingle in public with whites on equal terms. It also means that blacks had little or no political power. It was a low point in [[Black history]] after the euphoria of [[Reconstruction]].  The most prominent black leader was [[Booker T. Washington]].

The Supreme Court of the United States held in the ''Civil Rights Cases'' (1883) that the Fourteenth Amendment did NOT give the federal government the power to outlaw private discrimination. In an even more important decision the Supreme Court held in ''Plessy v. Ferguson'' (1896) that Jim Crow laws were constitutional as long as they allowed for "separate but equal" facilities. Everyone knew that the "equal" in "separate but equal" was a technicality, and that great inequality was tolerated in practice.

The Supreme Court of the United States held in the ''Civil Rights Cases'' (1883) that the Fourteenth Amendment did NOT give the federal government the power to outlaw private discrimination. In an even more important decision, the Supreme Court held in ''Plessy v. Ferguson'' (1896) that Jim Crow laws were constitutional as long as they allowed for "separate but equal" facilities. Everyone knew that the "equal" in "separate but equal" was a technicality, and that great inequality was tolerated in practice.

Today conservatives and liberals alike (at least publicly in the case of the liberals<ref name="Short History">[http://russp.us/racism.htm A Short History of Democrats, Republicans, and Racism]</ref>) denounce the policy of Jim Crow as an unacceptable violation of the principle of equal rights for all.

Today, conservatives and liberals alike (publicly, at least, in the case of the liberals<ref name="Short History">[http://russp.us/racism.htm A Short History of Democrats, Republicans, and Racism]</ref>) denounce the policy of Jim Crow as an unacceptable violation of the principle of equal rights for all.

==Post 1960==

==Post 1960==