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→Subspecies
===Subspecies===
===Subspecies===
There have been as many as 37 declared subspecies of the gray wolf since Linnaeus published his classification system in 1758; they are still recognized as valid by many authorities<ref>http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=14000738</ref>. Mammalogists Ronald M. Nowak and Nick E. Federoff challenged this assertion and reduced the number considerably, basing their analysis on detailed skull comparisons<ref>Nowak, et al. pp. 187-203</ref>.
There have been as many as 37 declared subspecies of the gray wolf since Linnaeus published his classification system in 1758; they are still recognized as valid by many authorities<ref>http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=14000738</ref>. Mammalogists Ronald M. Nowak and Nick E. Federoff challenged this assertion and reduced the number considerably, basing their analysis on detailed skull comparisons<ref>Nowak, et al. pp. 187-203</ref>.
====North America====
*''Canis lupus arctos'', arctic wolf
*''Canis lupus arctos'', arctic wolf
*''Canis lupus baileyi'', Mexican wolf
*''Canis lupus baileyi'', Mexican wolf
A paper published in 2000 suggested that the eastern timber wolf should be considered a distinct species (''Canis lycaon'')<ref>https://redwolves.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/26-Wilson-et-al.-2000.pdf</ref>; others consider it to be, along with the red wolf, a hybrid involving the coyote<ref>http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-wolf-species-20160727-snap-story-20160727-snap-story.html</ref><ref>https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/28/science/red-eastern-gray-wolves.html?_r=0</ref>. A 2011 assessment by the US Fish and Wildlife service proposed only three North American wolf species: the gray wolf (''C. lupus'') the eastern wolf (''C. lycaon''), and the red wolf (''C. rufus'')<ref>https://www.fws.gov/midwest/wolf/archives/2011FinalDelisting/pdf/WolfTaxonomyByChambersEtAlSubmittedMS.pdf</ref>.
A paper published in 2000 suggested that the eastern timber wolf should be considered a distinct species (''Canis lycaon'')<ref>https://redwolves.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/26-Wilson-et-al.-2000.pdf</ref>; others consider it to be, along with the red wolf, a hybrid involving the coyote<ref>http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-wolf-species-20160727-snap-story-20160727-snap-story.html</ref><ref>https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/28/science/red-eastern-gray-wolves.html?_r=0</ref>. A 2011 assessment by the US Fish and Wildlife service proposed only three North American wolf species: the gray wolf (''C. lupus'') the eastern wolf (''C. lycaon''), and the red wolf (''C. rufus'')<ref>https://www.fws.gov/midwest/wolf/archives/2011FinalDelisting/pdf/WolfTaxonomyByChambersEtAlSubmittedMS.pdf</ref>.
'''Eurasia'''
====Eurasia====
*''Canis lupus albus'', Tundra wolf
*''Canis lupus arabs'', Arabian wolf
*''Canis lupus arabs'', Arabian wolf
*''Canis lupus campestris'', Steppe wolf
*''Canis lupus campestris'', Steppe wolf
*''Canis lupus chanco'', Tibetan woolly wolf
*''Canis lupus chanco'', Tibetan woolly, or Mongolian wolf
*''Canis lupus hattai'', Hokkaidō wolf (extinct)
*''Canis lupus hattai'', Hokkaidō wolf (extinct)
*''Canis lupus hodophilax'', Japanese wolf (extinct)
*''Canis lupus hodophilax'', Japanese wolf (extinct)
*''Canis lupus pallipes'', Indian wolf
*''Canis lupus pallipes'', Indian wolf
*''Canis lupus signatus'', Iberian wolf
*''Canis lupus signatus'', Iberian wolf
====Domestic dog====
*''Canis lupus dingo'', Australian dingo
*''Canis lupus familiaris'', Domestic dog
Both of these subspecies were at one time considered full species in their own right. The dingo may have been brought by Sulawesi hunter/gathers to Australia some 4,000 years ago<ref>http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/04/how-did-dingo-get-australia</ref><ref>http://www.livescience.com/26246-dingoes-indian-migrants-australia.html</ref> and have since gone feral, while the domestic dog is believed to have been bred from wolves in Europe<ref>http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/38279/title/Origin-of-Domestic-Dogs/</ref><ref>https://www.sciencenews.org/article/ancient-dna-tells-two-origins-dogs</ref>.
==Habitat==
==Habitat==