Changes

===Lend-Lease===

===Lend-Lease===

Unfortunately, this data about Hiss emerged just as the Nazi-Soviet alliance [https://web.archive.org/web/20100210161901/http://tmh.floonet.net/articles/suvorov.html broke down]. The Roosevelt administration promptly lost all interest in Communists, focusing its attention on hunting [https://www.fbi.gov/history/famous-cases/nazi-saboteurs-and-george-dasch Nazi and fascist agents].<ref>According to FBI Historian John F. Fox, Jr., "From the entry of the US into the war in 1941, the FBI, with cooperation of its fellow agencies and significant foreign allies, effectively negated Axis intelligence operations in the US and the western hemisphere. The Bureau was distinctly [http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/history/highlights-of-history/articles/venona less successful in identifying the Soviet threat] during the same period."</ref> Throughout the duration of the pact, Moscow had fiercely opposed U.S. aid to Britain<ref>[[#refKHA98|Klehr, Haynes and Anderson 1998]]: 87. The Communist front [[American Peace Mobilization]] picketed the White House, [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,790078,00.html protesting Lend-Lease] aid to the U.K. When Britain declared war on the Nazis, German Communist Party leader Walter Ulbricht denounced not Nazism but "English Imperialism" as “the most reactionary force in the world” ("[http://library.fes.de/fulltext/sozmit/1940-008.htm reaktionärste Kraft in der Welt]"). “The German government declared itself ready to establish peaceful relations with the Soviet Union, whilst the Anglo-French war bloc want war against the Soviet Union,” [http://www.marxists.org/archive/ulbricht/1940/die-welt.htm declared Ulbricht]. During the battle of Britain, "Communists in the factories actually fomented strikes, and spread defeatist propaganda in [http://hitchensblog.mailonsunday.co.uk/2010/07/a-final-word.html the blitzed areas of London]," writes [http://theorwellprize.co.uk/shortlists/peter-hitchens/ Orwell prize winning] journalist Peter Hitchens.</ref> (which was fighting for its life against the Nazis), but now the U.S. extended its Lend-Lease program to the Soviet Union. In 1943, Stalin reciprocated by [http://www.marxists.org/history/international/comintern/dissolution.htm officially dissolving] the [[Comintern]], forcing Soviet intelligence to reorganize its espionage channels in the United States.<ref>“At the time that Stalin acceded to President Roosevelt’s request and dissolved the Comintern in 1943, Soviet intelligence had to reorganize its espionage channels in the United States.” [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/e-dossier-no-11-was-oppenheimer-soviet-spy-roundtable-discussion-jerrold-and-leona e-Dossier No. 11: Was Oppenheimer a Soviet Spy?] A Roundtable Discussion with Jerrold and Leona Schecter, Gregg Herken and Hayden Peake, Cold War International History Project, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars</ref> The International Department of the [[CPSU]] Central Committee was created that year essentially to carry out functions previously performed by the Comintern<ref>“The International Department, created in 1943 essentially to carry out functions previously performed by the Third Communist International... was responsible for CPSU relations with nonruling communist parties in other states.” [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field%28DOCID+su0271%29 Departments of the Central Committee], Soviet Union, Country Studies, Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, 1989</ref> (which included “control over the CPUSA”),<ref>[[#refKHA98|Klehr, Haynes, Anderson 1998]]: 48</ref> gradually transferring Comintern assets and networks to direct [[NKVD]] control.<ref>“During the latter part of the war, the KGB gradually took over assets and networks originally established by the GRU and the Comintern (particularly after Stalin dissolved the latter body in May 1943)." [[#refPrefaceBW96|Benson, Warner 1996: Preface]]</ref> Hiss was by this time among a handful of the Soviets' most important agents, who were run individually and not through spy networks, according to Oleg Gordievsky. Hiss's wartime controller, [http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/hiss/hissvenona.html wrote Gordievsky], was [[Akhmerov]], the leading [[NKVD]] illegal in the [[United States]], who, in a lecture before a [[KGB]] audience, identified Hiss as a Soviet agent during [[World War II]];<ref>[[#refWeinstein78|Weinstein 1978]]: 325</ref> meanwhile, the Administrator of Lend-Lease was [[Harry Hopkins]],<ref>[http://www.roosevelt.nl/Content/RSC/docs/Finding%20Aids%20Primary%20Sources/Presidential%20collection/06%20Staff%20Members/Personal%20Papers%20of%20Harry%20Hopkins.pdf Personal Papers of Harry Hopkins (1930-1946)], Roosevelt Study Center</ref> whom [[Iskhak Akhmerov|Akhmerov]], according to Gordievsky, called "the most important of all Soviet war-time agents in the United States."<ref>[[#refAG90|Andrew, Gordievsky 1990]]: 287; [[#refSword|Andrew, Mitrokin 2000]]: 111; [[#refRomerstein01|Romerstein, Breindel 2001]]: 212-215; cf. Thomas Fleming, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=EyZ3AAAAMAAJ The New Dealers' War: Franklin D. Roosevelt and the War Within World War II]'' (Basic Books, 2001) ISBN 0465024645, pp. 320-321. Upon being “purged” from AAA, Communist ([[#refHUAC50.2|HUAC 1950, pt. 2]]: 2850 [PDF 16]) lawyer [[Lee Pressman]] was immediately hired back into the government by [[Harry Hopkins|Hopkins]] ([[#refHUAC50.2|HUAC 1950, pt. 2]]: 2849 [PDF 15]), who apparently had little regard for the law: According to Pressman, Hopkins told him, “The first time you tell me I can’t do what I want to do, you’re fired. I’m going to decide what I think has to be done and it’s up to you to see to it that it’s legal.” ([[#refGall99|Gall 1999]]: 32) After carefully examining [[Venona project|Venona]], the late U.S. Air Force historian Eduard Mark identified Hopkins as Soviet agent “19.” Edward Mark, "[http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/ftinterface?content=a789090332&rt=0&format=pdf Venona's Source 19 and the ‘Trident’ Conference of May 1943: Diplomacy or Espionage?]" ''Intelligence and National Security'', Vol. 13, No. 2 (Summer 1998), pp.1-31</ref> Moreover, "the bureaucrat who administered all but singlehandedly that division in the Treasury that was specifically in charge of proposing and overseeing foreign monetary aid, including Lend-Lease," was [[Harry Dexter White]],<ref>Albert Loren Weeks, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=z3hP33KprskC Russia's Life-Saver: Lend-Lease Aid to the U.S.S.R. in World War II]'' (Lexington Books, 2004) ISBN 0739107364, p. 7</ref>

Unfortunately, this data about Hiss emerged just as the Nazi-Soviet alliance [https://web.archive.org/web/20100210161901/http://tmh.floonet.net/articles/suvorov.html broke down]. The Roosevelt administration promptly lost all interest in Communists, focusing its attention on hunting [https://www.fbi.gov/history/famous-cases/nazi-saboteurs-and-george-dasch Nazi and fascist agents].<ref>According to FBI Historian John F. Fox, Jr., "From the entry of the US into the war in 1941, the FBI, with cooperation of its fellow agencies and significant foreign allies, effectively negated Axis intelligence operations in the US and the western hemisphere. The Bureau was distinctly [http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/history/highlights-of-history/articles/venona less successful in identifying the Soviet threat] during the same period."</ref> Throughout the duration of the pact, Moscow had fiercely opposed the U.S. Lend-Lease program for Britain<ref>[[#refKHA98|Klehr, Haynes and Anderson 1998]]: 87. The Communist front [[American Peace Mobilization]] picketed the White House, [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,790078,00.html protesting Lend-Lease] aid to the U.K. When Britain declared war on the Nazis, German Communist Party leader Walter Ulbricht denounced not Nazism but "English Imperialism" as “the most reactionary force in the world” ("[http://library.fes.de/fulltext/sozmit/1940-008.htm reaktionärste Kraft in der Welt]"). “The German government declared itself ready to establish peaceful relations with the Soviet Union, whilst the Anglo-French war bloc want war against the Soviet Union,” [http://www.marxists.org/archive/ulbricht/1940/die-welt.htm declared Ulbricht]. During the battle of Britain, "Communists in the factories actually fomented strikes, and spread defeatist propaganda in [http://hitchensblog.mailonsunday.co.uk/2010/07/a-final-word.html the blitzed areas of London]," writes [http://theorwellprize.co.uk/shortlists/peter-hitchens/ Orwell prize winning] journalist Peter Hitchens.</ref> (which was fighting for its life against the Nazis), but now the U.S. extended Lend-Lease to the Soviet Union. In 1943, Stalin reciprocated by [http://www.marxists.org/history/international/comintern/dissolution.htm officially dissolving] the [[Comintern]], forcing Soviet intelligence to reorganize its espionage channels in the United States.<ref>“At the time that Stalin acceded to President Roosevelt’s request and dissolved the Comintern in 1943, Soviet intelligence had to reorganize its espionage channels in the United States.” [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/e-dossier-no-11-was-oppenheimer-soviet-spy-roundtable-discussion-jerrold-and-leona e-Dossier No. 11: Was Oppenheimer a Soviet Spy?] A Roundtable Discussion with Jerrold and Leona Schecter, Gregg Herken and Hayden Peake, Cold War International History Project, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars</ref> The International Department of the [[CPSU]] Central Committee was created that year essentially to carry out functions previously performed by the Comintern<ref>“The International Department, created in 1943 essentially to carry out functions previously performed by the Third Communist International... was responsible for CPSU relations with nonruling communist parties in other states.” [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field%28DOCID+su0271%29 Departments of the Central Committee], Soviet Union, Country Studies, Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, 1989</ref> (which included “control over the CPUSA”),<ref>[[#refKHA98|Klehr, Haynes, Anderson 1998]]: 48</ref> gradually transferring Comintern assets and networks to direct [[NKVD]] control.<ref>“During the latter part of the war, the KGB gradually took over assets and networks originally established by the GRU and the Comintern (particularly after Stalin dissolved the latter body in May 1943)." [[#refPrefaceBW96|Benson, Warner 1996: Preface]]</ref> Hiss was by this time among a handful of the Soviets' most important agents, who were run individually and not through spy networks, according to Oleg Gordievsky. Hiss's wartime controller, [http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/hiss/hissvenona.html wrote Gordievsky], was [[Akhmerov]], the leading [[NKVD]] illegal in the [[United States]], who, in a lecture before a [[KGB]] audience, identified Hiss as a Soviet agent during [[World War II]];<ref>[[#refWeinstein78|Weinstein 1978]]: 325</ref> meanwhile, the Administrator of Lend-Lease was [[Harry Hopkins]],<ref>[http://www.roosevelt.nl/Content/RSC/docs/Finding%20Aids%20Primary%20Sources/Presidential%20collection/06%20Staff%20Members/Personal%20Papers%20of%20Harry%20Hopkins.pdf Personal Papers of Harry Hopkins (1930-1946)], Roosevelt Study Center</ref> whom [[Iskhak Akhmerov|Akhmerov]], according to Gordievsky, called "the most important of all Soviet war-time agents in the United States."<ref>[[#refAG90|Andrew, Gordievsky 1990]]: 287; [[#refSword|Andrew, Mitrokin 2000]]: 111; [[#refRomerstein01|Romerstein, Breindel 2001]]: 212-215; cf. Thomas Fleming, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=EyZ3AAAAMAAJ The New Dealers' War: Franklin D. Roosevelt and the War Within World War II]'' (Basic Books, 2001) ISBN 0465024645, pp. 320-321. Upon being “purged” from AAA, Communist ([[#refHUAC50.2|HUAC 1950, pt. 2]]: 2850 [PDF 16]) lawyer [[Lee Pressman]] was immediately hired back into the government by [[Harry Hopkins|Hopkins]] ([[#refHUAC50.2|HUAC 1950, pt. 2]]: 2849 [PDF 15]), who apparently had little regard for the law: According to Pressman, Hopkins told him, “The first time you tell me I can’t do what I want to do, you’re fired. I’m going to decide what I think has to be done and it’s up to you to see to it that it’s legal.” ([[#refGall99|Gall 1999]]: 32) After carefully examining [[Venona project|Venona]], the late U.S. Air Force historian Eduard Mark identified Hopkins as Soviet agent “19.” Edward Mark, "[http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/ftinterface?content=a789090332&rt=0&format=pdf Venona's Source 19 and the ‘Trident’ Conference of May 1943: Diplomacy or Espionage?]" ''Intelligence and National Security'', Vol. 13, No. 2 (Summer 1998), pp.1-31</ref> Moreover, "the bureaucrat who administered all but singlehandedly that division in the Treasury that was specifically in charge of proposing and overseeing foreign monetary aid, including Lend-Lease," was [[Harry Dexter White]],<ref>Albert Loren Weeks, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=z3hP33KprskC Russia's Life-Saver: Lend-Lease Aid to the U.S.S.R. in World War II]'' (Lexington Books, 2004) ISBN 0739107364, p. 7</ref>

one of "the most highly placed espionage sources the Soviets ever possessed."<ref>[[#refHK06|Haynes and Klehr 2006]]: 66</ref>

one of "the most highly placed espionage sources the Soviets ever possessed."<ref>[[#refHK06|Haynes and Klehr 2006]]: 66</ref>