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'''World War I''', also known as '''The Great War''', was waged primarily in Europe from 1914 to 1918.  It was the first global war in history. World War I also saw the first use of poisonous gas, large artillery, and armored tanks.  It was a "total war" because the governments involved took control over the economy and factories, giving first priority to the goods needed for war.  Wage and price controls were imposed, there was rationing of goods for civilians, and free speech was limited.  The governments put out propaganda to maximize support for the war and dislike of the enemy. World War I caused an entire generation of men to die. 

'''World War I''', also known as '''The Great War''', was waged primarily in [[Europe]] from 1914 to 1918.  It was the first global war in history. World War I also saw the first use of [[chemical warfare|poisonous gas]], large artillery, and armored [[tank|tanks]].  It was a "[[total war]]" because the governments involved took control over the economy and factories, giving first priority to the goods needed for war.  Wage and price controls were imposed, there was rationing of goods for civilians, and free speech was limited.  The governments put out [[propaganda]] to maximize support for the war and dislike of the enemy.

 

On one side of the war were the [[Central Powers]], [[Austria-Hungary]], the [[Second German Empire]], [[Bulgaria]], and the [[Ottoman Empire]].  The [[Allies]] consisted of the [[Britain|British]] and [[France|French Empires]], the Tsarist [[Russian Empire]], [[Italy]], [[Japan]], and after 1917, the [[United States]].   

On one side of the war were the Central Powers, Austria-Hungary, the Second German Empire, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire.  The Allies consisted of the British and French Empires, the Tsarist Russian Empire, Italy, Japan, and after 1917, the United States.   

=== A Spark Leads to a Fire ===

=== A Spark Leads to a Fire ===

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On June 28, 1914, teenage Serbian nationalist [[Gavrilo Princip]] assassinated the Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife in Sarajevo. This action led to Austria-Hungary giving an ultimatum [http://teachers.sduhsd.k12.ca.us/mmontgomery/world_history/world_war1/ultimatum.htm] to Serbia. Serbia refused to comply with the list of demands, and due to a number of military alliances throughout Europe, a full scale war was soon in progress. Serbia requested support from its ally, [[Russia]], which mobilized its military forces. This mobilization led to [[Germany]] invading both Russia and [[France]] (which had an existing alliance with Russia), which was a part of Germany's [[Schlieffen Plan]] of war on two fronts. En route to France, German forces passed through neutral [[Belgium]]. The violation of this neutrality led [[Britain]] to declare war on Germany.

On June 28, 1914, teenage [[Serbia|Serbian]] [[nationalism|nationalist]] [[Gavrilo Princip]] assassinated the Austrian Archduke [[Franz Ferdinand]] and his wife in [[Sarajevo]]. This action led to Austria-Hungary giving an ultimatum [http://teachers.sduhsd.k12.ca.us/mmontgomery/world_history/world_war1/ultimatum.htm] to Serbia. Serbia refused to comply with the list of demands, and due to a number of military alliances throughout Europe, a full scale war was soon in progress. Serbia requested support from its ally, [[Russia]], which mobilized its military forces. This mobilization led to [[Germany]] invading both Russia and [[France]] (which had an existing alliance with Russia), which was a part of Germany's [[Schlieffen Plan]] of war on two fronts. En route to France, German forces passed through neutral [[Belgium]]. The violation of this neutrality led [[Britain]] to declare war on Germany.

=== Great Battles of World War I ===

=== Great Battles of World War I ===

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World War I consisted mostly of trench warfare.  This method of waging war was very slow and messy.  Soldiers might wait in their trenches for weeks, only to advance a few feet and wait in a new trench.  There were four important battles which were fought before America joined the war.

World War I consisted mostly of [[trench warfare]].  This method of waging war was very slow and messy.  Soldiers might wait in their trenches for weeks, only to advance a few feet and wait in a new trench.  There were four important battles which were fought before America joined the war.

'''Gallipoli'''

'''[[Battle of Gallipoli]]'''

In April 1915, an amphibious Allied force landed on the Turkish peninsula of Gallipoli in a misguided attempt to knock Turkey out of the war.  Although the Allies greatly outnumbered the Turks, the extremely tenacious Turkish fighters held their ground.  The Allies did not understand the terrain adequately and suffered from limited knowledge of their enemy.  Nine months later the Allies had to withdraw, after suffering 46,000 deaths among over 250,000 casualties.

In April 1915, an amphibious Allied force landed on the Turkish peninsula of Gallipoli in a misguided attempt to knock Turkey out of the war.  Although the Allies greatly outnumbered the Turks, the extremely tenacious Turkish fighters held their ground.  The Allies did not understand the terrain adequately and suffered from limited knowledge of their enemy.  Nine months later the Allies had to withdraw, after suffering 46,000 deaths among over 250,000 casualties.

   

   

'''Verdun'''

'''[[Battle of Verdun]]'''

In 1916, the Battle of Verdun between the French and Germans may have been the most demanding battle in world history.  The struggle started when the Germans attacked [[Verdun]], France, a city surrounded by a ring of underground forts.  At least 220,000 soldiers died, and at least 480,000 were wounded in this 10-month struggle that accomplished nothing.  At the end the front lines were in nearly the same locations as at the beginning.

In 1916, the Battle of Verdun between the French and Germans may have been the most demanding battle in world history.  The struggle started when the Germans attacked [[Verdun]], France, a city surrounded by a ring of underground forts.  At least 220,000 soldiers died, and at least 480,000 were wounded in this 10-month struggle that accomplished nothing.  At the end the front lines were in nearly the same locations as at the beginning.

'''Somme'''

'''[[Battle of the Somme]]'''

Also in 1916, and also in France, the British and French armies met at the Somme River and began a massive attack on the Germans in order to distract them from [[Verdun]].  This became the Battle of the Somme, and the fighting was even heard across the British channel in England.  First the Allies shelled the Germans to weaken them, and then 100,000 British soldiers charged the enemy.  But the shelling did not have its intended effect, as the Germans were dug in too deeply to be affected by it.  On July 1, 1916, the Germans killed 20,000 of the British soldiers and wounded over 40,000, making it the single worst day in British military history.  This battle, which did not succeed in moving trench lines, eventually involved over 2 million men along a 30-mile front.  The British and French lost nearly 750,000 men.  

Also in 1916, and also in France, the British and French armies met at the Somme River and began a massive attack on the Germans in order to distract them from [[Verdun]].  This became the Battle of the Somme, and the fighting was even heard across the British channel in England.  First the Allies shelled the Germans to weaken them, and then 100,000 British soldiers charged the enemy.  But the shelling did not have its intended effect, as the Germans were dug in too deeply to be affected by it.  On July 1, 1916, the Germans killed 20,000 of the British soldiers and wounded over 40,000, making it the single worst day in British military history.  This battle, which did not succeed in moving trench lines, eventually involved over 2 million men along a 30-mile front.  The British and French lost nearly 750,000 men.  

'''Third Battle of Ypres or the Battle of Passchendaele'''

'''[[Third Battle of Ypres]]'''

For 18 months the British hid 19 huge land mines underneath the German lines southeast of Ypres, Belgium, a location that had already seen battles in 1914 and 1915.  The British then detonated those massive mines, and charged the German positions in July 1917.  At first the strategy worked, as the Germans were confused and disorganized.  But the British did not pursue the Germans as quickly as they should have.  Rain began to drench the area in one of the wettest fall seasons there in years.  Soon the British forces were stuck in a mountain of mud, and this Allied plan was yet another failure.

For 18 months the British hid 19 huge land mines underneath the German lines southeast of Ypres, Belgium, a location that had already seen battles in 1914 and 1915.  The British then detonated those massive mines, and charged the German positions in July 1917.  At first the strategy worked, as the Germans were confused and disorganized.  But the British did not pursue the Germans as quickly as they should have.  Rain began to drench the area in one of the wettest fall seasons there in years.  Soon the British forces were stuck in a mountain of mud, and this Allied plan was yet another failure.

For the first three years of World War I, the United States attempted to stay out of the war.  The United States had friends and citizens on both sides of the war, and the wise move was not to move, to remain neutral.  When the Germans used a [[U-boat]] to sink the ''[[Lusitania]]'' in 1915, killing over one thousand people, the Americans were outraged.  Later, when Britain implemented a naval blockade of Germany, the Germans announced they would sink any ship entering or leaving Britain.  They held true to their word and sunk three ships from America with the U-boats.  The Germans had taken ads out in most American newspapers, warning Americans that they travelled on British ships at their own risk.  However, only the [[Des Moines]] Register ran the ads.<ref> Morgan, Hal.  ''More Rumor''.  New York: Paradox Press, 1987. </ref>America now had many reasons to fight back, but she was still not ready to join the war.

For the first three years of World War I, the United States attempted to stay out of the war.  The United States had friends and citizens on both sides of the war, and the wise move was not to move, to remain neutral.  When the Germans used a [[U-boat]] to sink the ''[[Lusitania]]'' in 1915, killing over one thousand people, the Americans were outraged.  Later, when Britain implemented a naval blockade of Germany, the Germans announced they would sink any ship entering or leaving Britain.  They held true to their word and sunk three ships from America with the U-boats.  The Germans had taken ads out in most American newspapers, warning Americans that they travelled on British ships at their own risk.  However, only the [[Des Moines]] Register ran the ads.<ref> Morgan, Hal.  ''More Rumor''.  New York: Paradox Press, 1987. </ref>America now had many reasons to fight back, but she was still not ready to join the war.

The German Foreign Minister [[Arthur Zimmermann]] sent an encrypted telegram to the German ambassador in Mexico which sought to induce Mexico to declare war on the United States.  British intelligence intercepted and deciphered the telegram, however, and gave it to the United States to help the British cause.  President [[Woodrow Wilson]] made the contents of the telgram public.  The telegram promised that Germany would help Mexico regain land it had lost to the United States in the [[Treaty of Guadaloupe Hidalgo]]  which ended the [[Mexican War]] if it would declare was on the United States.  At first, the Americans doubted if the telegram was real and thought it had been forged by the British to make America favor them.  But then Zimmermann was foolish enough to promise the pledge to Mexico in a public speech.

The German Foreign Minister [[Arthur Zimmermann]] sent an encrypted [[Zimmerman Note|telegram]] to the German ambassador in [[Mexico]] which sought to induce Mexico to declare war on the United States.  British intelligence intercepted and deciphered the telegram, however, and gave it to the United States to help the British cause.  President [[Woodrow Wilson]] made the contents of the telgram public.  The telegram promised that Germany would help Mexico regain land it had lost to the United States in the [[Treaty of Guadaloupe Hidalgo]]  which ended the [[Mexican War]] if it would declare was on the United States.  At first, the Americans doubted if the telegram was real and thought it had been forged by the British to make America favor them.  But then Zimmermann was foolish enough to promise the pledge to Mexico in a public speech.

The Germans had gone too far.  On April 2, 1917, President [[Woodrow Wilson]] spoke in favor of declaring war on Germany in an address to the joint houses of Congress.  Congress then formally declared war on April 6, 1917.<ref>http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/usofficialawardeclaration.htm</ref>

The Germans had gone too far.  On April 2, 1917, President [[Woodrow Wilson]] spoke in favor of declaring war on Germany in an address to the joint houses of [[Congress]].  Congress then formally declared war on April 6, 1917.<ref>http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/usofficialawardeclaration.htm</ref>

=== Russia ===

=== Russia ===

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As the United States was entering the war on the side of the Allies, Russia suffered two successive internal Revolutions which would later caused it to withdraw from the side of the Allies and leave the war altogether. The [[February Revolution]] overthrew the centuries old monarchy of the Tsar; the [[October Revolution]] ended any hopes for democracy within the former Tsarist territories for another two generations.  The lack of success against the German and Austrian Empires, and the hyperinflation caused by unsustainable military spending by the Russian government led to much internal discontent and economic chaos.

As the United States was entering the war on the side of the Allies, Russia suffered two successive internal Revolutions which would later caused it to withdraw from the side of the Allies and leave the war altogether. The [[February Revolution]] overthrew the centuries-old monarchy of the Tsar; the [[October Revolution]] installed the [[communist]] [[Bolshevik Party]] under [[V.I. Lenin]].  The lack of success against the German and Austrian Empires, and the hyperinflation caused by unsustainable military spending by the Russian government led to much internal discontent and economic chaos.

Losses and hardship of the war had weakened Russian [[Czar Nicholas II]].  He abdicated the throne in March 1917 in favor of a provisional government headed by [[Alexander Kerensky]].  Hopes for a democratic revolution still existed at this time.  But in October 1917, [[Vladimir Ilyich Lenin]], and the [[Communist Party]], which was never strong enough to challenge the Czar, overthrew the fledgling provisional government.  The Communists later executed every member of the Czar's family including the children.

Losses and hardship of the war had weakened Russian [[Czar Nicholas II]].  He abdicated the throne in March 1917 in favor of a provisional government headed by [[Alexander Kerensky]].  Hopes for a democratic revolution still existed at this time.  But in October 1917, [[Vladimir Ilyich Lenin]], and the [[Communist Party]], which was never strong enough to challenge the Czar, overthrew the fledgling provisional government.  The Communists later executed every member of the Czar's family including the children.

Lenin became the founder of the Soviet state.  He was both a writer and a revolutionary, a rare combination.  He was the brother of the "bomb thrower" [[Alexander Ulyanov]] who was hanged for his involvement in terrorist activity and an assassination attempt on Czar Alexander III in 1887. An atheist, he personally converted in 1889 to [[Marxism]]. He obtained a law degree shortly afterwards, and by 1895 was a subversive who was arrested and sent to the Tsarist gulag along the Lena River in frigid Siberia where he adopted the name Lenin after the place of his internment.  Once he served his time he left for Zurich, where he developed his ideas further and became a leader of the [[Bolsheviks]].  He was returned to Russia by the Germans in the wake of chaos during the Kerensky regime with the hope to led the Bolsheviks to power and negotiate a peace settlement with the Germans.  After the Versailles Treaty failed to recognize the settlement between Germany and the Soviet Unions in the [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]], he then ruled the Soviet Union and imposed a system of Marxism-Leninism (communism) that remained in force there until the 1990s.

Lenin became the founder of the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] state.  He was both a writer and a revolutionary, a rare combination.  He was the brother of the "bomb thrower" [[Alexander Ulyanov]] who was hanged for his involvement in terrorist activity and an assassination attempt on Czar Alexander III in 1887. An atheist, he became a [[Marxism|Marxist in 1889. He obtained a law degree shortly afterwards, and by 1895 was a subversive who was arrested and sent to the Tsarist gulag along the Lena River in frigid Siberia where he adopted the name Lenin after the place of his internment.  Once he served his time he left for Zurich, where he developed his ideas further and became a leader of the [[Bolsheviks]].  He was returned to Russia by the Germans in the wake of chaos during the [[Kerensky]] regime with the hope to led the Bolsheviks to power and negotiate a peace settlement with the Germans.  After the [[Treaty of Versailles]] failed to recognize the settlement between Germany and the Soviet Union in the [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]], he then ruled the Soviet Union and imposed a system of [[Marxism-Leninism]] (communism) that remained in force there until the [[Stalin]]'s rise to power.

=== The Western Front ===

=== The Western Front ===