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'''Mustafa Kemal Atatürk''' (1881 – 1938), also known as '''Kamâl Atatürk''', was a general ("pasha") who serving Ottoman Army during [[World War I]], and a statesman who founded the Republic of [[Turkey]]. He was a successful division commander in the [[Battle of Gallipoli]]. The [[Allies]] defeated the [[Ottoman Empire]] and arranged for its partition. Thereupon, after a few congresses, he led an organized political resistance in the [[Turkish War of Independence]] by established a new assembly and government in Ankara. From Sep 9, 1923 to Nov 10, 1938, he was also leader of the Republican People's Party.  

'''Mustafa Kemal Atatürk''' (1881 – 1938), also known as '''Kamâl Atatürk''', was a general ("pasha") who serving Ottoman Army during [[World War I]], and a statesman who founded the Republic of [[Turkey]]. He was a successful division commander in the [[Battle of Gallipoli]]. The [[Allies]] defeated the [[Ottoman Empire]] and arranged for its partition. Thereupon, after a few congresses, he led an organized political resistance in the [[Turkish War of Independence]] by established a new assembly and government in Ankara. From Sep 9, 1923 to Nov 10, 1938, he was also leader of the Republican People's Party.  

Atatürk deposed the last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire in 1922 and became first President of Turkey in 1923. It is estimated that over 99% of Turks are [[Muslim]] (and most of them are conservative), but Atatürk established a [[secular]] rule based on a strong military. He abolished [[sharia law]] and gave women the right to vote and hold government positions. As a result of his efforts, Turkey is the only Muslim country to independently hold democratic elections.

Atatürk deposed the last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire in 1922 and became first President of Turkey in 1923. It is estimated that over 99% of Turks are [[Muslim]] (and most of them are conservative), but Atatürk established a [[secular]] rule based on a strong military. He abolished [[sharia law]] and gave women the right to vote and hold government positions. As a result of his efforts, Turkey is the only Muslim country to independently hold democratic elections.

[[Samuel Huntington]] defines "Kemalism" as a response to attempts at "reconciliation of [[Islam]] and [[Modernization|modernity]]", or to modernise Islam without Westernization.  

[[Samuel Huntington]] defines "Kemalism" as a response to attempts at "reconciliation of [[Islam]] and [[Modernization|modernity]]", or to modernise Islam without Westernization.  

<blockquote>

<blockquote>''The National Assembly which first convened on 23 April 1920 in Ankara was the first clue to the Turkish Republic. The successful management of the War of Independence by this assembly accelerated the founding of the new Turkish State. On 1 November 1922, the offices of the Sultan and caliph were severed from one other and the former was abolished. There was no longer any administrative ties with the Ottoman Empire. On 29 October 1923, Turkish Republic was formally proclaimed and Atatürk was unanimously elected as its first President. On 30 October 1923, the first government of the Republic was formed by İsmet İnönü. Turkish Republic started to grow on the foundations of the twin principles "Sovereignty, unconditionally belongs to the nation" and "peace at home, peace in the world".'' [http://www.ataturk.com/content/view/24/43/ Biography of Atatürk]</blockquote>

''The National Assembly which first convened on 23 April 1920 in Ankara was the first clue to the Turkish Republic. The successful management of the War of Independence by this assembly accelerated the founding of the new Turkish State. On 1 November 1922, the offices of the Sultan and caliph were severed from one other and the former was abolished. There was no longer any administrative ties with the Ottoman Empire. On 29 October 1923, Turkish Republic was formally proclaimed and Atatürk was unanimously elected as its first President. On 30 October 1923, the first government of the Republic was formed by İsmet İnönü. Turkish Republic started to grow on the foundations of the twin principles "Sovereignty, unconditionally belongs to the nation" and "peace at home, peace in the world".'' [http://www.ataturk.com/content/view/24/43/ Biography of Atatürk]

 

</blockquote>

Atatürk read and was influenced by the works of [[Jean Jacques Rousseau]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=H-8wAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA197 The Rising Cresent: Turkey Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow]</ref>

== See also ==

== See also ==

*[[Gamal Abdel Nasser]]

*[[Gamal Abdel Nasser]]

*[[Pervez Musharraf]]

*[[Pervez Musharraf]]

== Bibliography ==         

== Bibliography ==         

* Weiker, Walter F. ''The Modernization of Turkey: From Atatürk to the Present Day'' (1981) [http://www.questia.com/read/43183327 online edition]

* Weiker, Walter F. ''The Modernization of Turkey: From Atatürk to the Present Day'' (1981) [http://www.questia.com/read/43183327 online edition]

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[[Category:Turkey]]

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[[Category:Military Commanders]]

[[Category:Military Commanders]]

[[Category:Heads of State]]

[[Category:Heads of State]]