Changes

In 1944, Service was Second Secretary of the U.S. Embassy in Chungking, [[China]]. There he shared a house with two [[Communist]] agents: [[Department of the Treasury|U.S. Treasury]] attaché [[Solomon Adler]]<ref>FBI [http://education-research.org/PDFs/Recording_Summary-Jaffe-06.10.45-04.19.46.pdf recording summary], Philip Jacob Jaffe, April 19, 1945 (FBI file: Amerasia, Section 39); "A highly confidential source has advised that Sol Adler was the roommate in Chungking, China, of  John Stewart Service." (FBI summary: [http://Ultra-Secret.info/PDFs/COMRAP%20SUMMARY.pdf The Comintern Apparatus], March 6, 1946, [ftp://education-research.org/PDFs/splitfiles/splitprocessed/COMRAP%2520SUMMARY_Folder/COMRAP%2520SUMMARY_page24.pdf p. 20 PDF p. 24]); "I moved into an apartment in the city [Chungking] with Solomon Adler." United States Department of State Loyalty Security Board Meeting in the Case of John S. Service, May 26, 1950, [http://ia341005.us.archive.org/2/items/statedepartmente195002unit/statedepartmente195002unit_bw.pdf State Department Employee Loyalty Investigation]: Hearings before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate (Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1950), Part 2: Appendix, p. 1967 (PDF p. 491); ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=FK8iAAAAMAAJ The Amerasia Papers: A Clue to the Catastrophe of China]'', Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws, Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1970), p. 592</ref> and Chinese Ministry of Finance official [[Chi Chao-ting]] (Ji Chaoding).<ref>"During 1944, Service was sharing a house in Chungking with Solomon Adler... Upstairs, in a separate flat, lived Chi Cha’o-ting." Harvey Klehr and Ronald Radosh, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=tfrTpBLdl50C The Amerasia Spy Case: Prelude to McCarthyism]'' (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1996) ISBN 978-0807822456, p. 21</ref>

In 1944, Service was Second Secretary of the U.S. Embassy in Chungking, [[China]]. There he shared a house with two [[Communist]] agents: [[Department of the Treasury|U.S. Treasury]] attaché [[Solomon Adler]]<ref>FBI [http://education-research.org/PDFs/Recording_Summary-Jaffe-06.10.45-04.19.46.pdf recording summary], Philip Jacob Jaffe, April 19, 1945 (FBI file: Amerasia, Section 39); "A highly confidential source has advised that Sol Adler was the roommate in Chungking, China, of  John Stewart Service." (FBI summary: [http://Ultra-Secret.info/PDFs/COMRAP%20SUMMARY.pdf The Comintern Apparatus], March 6, 1946, [ftp://education-research.org/PDFs/splitfiles/splitprocessed/COMRAP%2520SUMMARY_Folder/COMRAP%2520SUMMARY_page24.pdf p. 20 PDF p. 24]); "I moved into an apartment in the city [Chungking] with Solomon Adler." United States Department of State Loyalty Security Board Meeting in the Case of John S. Service, May 26, 1950, [http://ia341005.us.archive.org/2/items/statedepartmente195002unit/statedepartmente195002unit_bw.pdf State Department Employee Loyalty Investigation]: Hearings before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate (Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1950), Part 2: Appendix, p. 1967 (PDF p. 491); ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=FK8iAAAAMAAJ The Amerasia Papers: A Clue to the Catastrophe of China]'', Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws, Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1970), p. 592</ref> and Chinese Ministry of Finance official [[Chi Chao-ting]] (Ji Chaoding).<ref>"During 1944, Service was sharing a house in Chungking with Solomon Adler... Upstairs, in a separate flat, lived Chi Cha’o-ting." Harvey Klehr and Ronald Radosh, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=tfrTpBLdl50C The Amerasia Spy Case: Prelude to McCarthyism]'' (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1996) ISBN 978-0807822456, p. 21</ref>

[[Solomon Adler|Adler]] had been identified five years before by confessed former [[Comintern]]-[[GRU]] courier [[Whittaker Chambers]] as a member of the Communist underground apparatus.<ref>[http://www.johnearlhaynes.org/page100.html Adolf Berle’s Notes on His Meeting with Whittaker Chambers]. Under the Heading “Underground Espionage Agent,” Berle listed (Under “TREASURY“) “Shlomer Adler (Sol Adler?)”</ref> In 1945, defecting [[NKVD]] courier [[Elizabeth Bentley]] would likewise identify Adler as a Treasury official in Chungking who was also a member of an NKVD espionage ring known as the [[Silvermaster group]].<ref>Statement of Elizabeth Terrill Bentley, November 30, 1945 (FBI file: [http://education-research.org/CSR/Holdings/Silvermaster/summaries.htm Silvermaster], [http://education-research.org/PDFs/Silvermaster006.pdf Volume 6]), [http://education-research.org/PDFs/splitfiles/splitprocessed/Silvermaster006_Folder/Silvermaster006_page27.pdf p. 26 (PDF p. 27)]</ref> In 1948, Chief of [[Soviet intelligence]] in the [[U.S.]] [[Anatoly Gorsky]] identified Adler (in [[KGB]] archives summarized by former KGB agent Alexander Vassiliev) as the agent code-named "Sachs,"<ref>A. Gorsky, “Failures in the USA (1938-48),” Dec. '48, in Alexander Vassiliev, ''Black Notebook'', [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/docs/Black%20Notebook%20Original.pdf original], p. 78 (PDF p. 40), [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/docs/Black%20Notebook%20Transcribed.pdf transcribed], p. 78, [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/docs/Black%20Notebook%20Translated1.pdf translated], p. 78. Under “‘Sound’ [Jacob Golos] and ‘Myrna’s’ [Bentley’s] group,” Gorsky listed “‘Sachs’ – Solomon Adler, former employee of the U.S. Dept. of the Treasury”</ref> who appears in [[Venona project|Venona]] as an NKVD source on [[China]].<ref>[http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/venona/1945/4jan_kgb_policy.pdf 14 KGB New York to Moscow 4 January 1945], p. 2</ref> Chi, meanwhile, was a Communist propagandist<ref>Gregory Lewis, "Bridging the Guomindang-Chinese Communist Party: Ji Chaoding in New York, Shanghai, Chongqing, and Beijing, 1933-1963," [http://www.umassd.edu/cas/history/cbh/history/fall01.pdf ''Zhongguo Shangye Shi'' (''Chinese Business History''), Vol. 11, No. 2 (Fall 2001)] ISSN 1090-834X, p. 1; Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws, Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate, [http://ia360611.us.archive.org/0/items/instituteofpacif1952unit/instituteofpacif1952unit_bw.pdf Institute of Pacific Relations], S. Rpt. 2050, 82d Cong., 2d sess., Serial 11574, pursuant to S. Res. 306, (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1952), p. 67</ref> and intelligence agent.<ref>Lifu Chen, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=MOT_axUIWooC The Storm Clouds Clear Over China: The Memoir of Chen Li-fu, 1900-1993]'' (Hoover Press, 1994) ISBN 0817992723, p. 181; Arthur Herman, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=DIibZoDyADEC Joseph McCarthy: Reexamining the Life and Legacy of America's Most Hated Senator]'' (Simon and Schuster, 1999) ISBN 0684836254, p. 126</ref> After the fall of China to the Communists, both Adler and Chi would abscond to Beijing, where they would become officials of the new Communist government, Chi as a propagandist,<ref>[[Sidney Rittenberg]], ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=_vTLJpWj-0wC The Man Who Stayed Behind]'' (Duke University Press, 2001) ISBN 0822326671, p. 253</ref> Adler as a foreign espionage official.<ref>John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=dIsmm_ZLHcIC Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America]'' (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1999) ISBN 0300077718, p. 144</ref>

[[Solomon Adler|Adler]] had been identified five years before by confessed former [[Comintern]]-[[GRU]] courier [[Whittaker Chambers]] as a member of the Communist underground apparatus.<ref>[http://www.johnearlhaynes.org/page100.html Adolf Berle’s Notes on His Meeting with Whittaker Chambers]. Under the Heading “Underground Espionage Agent,” Berle listed (Under “TREASURY“) “Shlomer Adler (Sol Adler?)”</ref> In 1945, defecting [[NKVD]] courier [[Elizabeth Bentley]] would idependently identify Adler as a Treasury official in Chungking who was also a member of an NKVD espionage ring known as the [[Silvermaster group]].<ref>Statement of Elizabeth Terrill Bentley, November 30, 1945 (FBI file: [http://education-research.org/CSR/Holdings/Silvermaster/summaries.htm Silvermaster], [http://education-research.org/PDFs/Silvermaster006.pdf Volume 6]), [http://education-research.org/PDFs/splitfiles/splitprocessed/Silvermaster006_Folder/Silvermaster006_page27.pdf p. 26 (PDF p. 27)]</ref> In 1948, Chief of [[Soviet intelligence]] in the [[U.S.]] [[Anatoly Gorsky]] identified Adler (in [[KGB]] archives summarized by former KGB agent Alexander Vassiliev) as the agent code-named "Sachs,"<ref>A. Gorsky, “Failures in the USA (1938-48),” Dec. '48, in Alexander Vassiliev, ''Black Notebook'', [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/docs/Black%20Notebook%20Original.pdf original], p. 78 (PDF p. 40), [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/docs/Black%20Notebook%20Transcribed.pdf transcribed], p. 78, [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/docs/Black%20Notebook%20Translated1.pdf translated], p. 78. Under “‘Sound’ [Jacob Golos] and ‘Myrna’s’ [Bentley’s] group,” Gorsky listed “‘Sachs’ – Solomon Adler, former employee of the U.S. Dept. of the Treasury”</ref> who appears in [[Venona project|Venona]] as an NKVD source on [[China]].<ref>[http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/venona/1945/4jan_kgb_policy.pdf 14 KGB New York to Moscow 4 January 1945], p. 2</ref> Chi, meanwhile, was a Communist propagandist<ref>Gregory Lewis, "Bridging the Guomindang-Chinese Communist Party: Ji Chaoding in New York, Shanghai, Chongqing, and Beijing, 1933-1963," [http://www.umassd.edu/cas/history/cbh/history/fall01.pdf ''Zhongguo Shangye Shi'' (''Chinese Business History''), Vol. 11, No. 2 (Fall 2001)] ISSN 1090-834X, p. 1; Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws, Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate, [http://ia360611.us.archive.org/0/items/instituteofpacif1952unit/instituteofpacif1952unit_bw.pdf Institute of Pacific Relations], S. Rpt. 2050, 82d Cong., 2d sess., Serial 11574, pursuant to S. Res. 306, (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1952), p. 67</ref> and intelligence agent.<ref>Lifu Chen, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=MOT_axUIWooC The Storm Clouds Clear Over China: The Memoir of Chen Li-fu, 1900-1993]'' (Hoover Press, 1994) ISBN 0817992723, p. 181; Arthur Herman, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=DIibZoDyADEC Joseph McCarthy: Reexamining the Life and Legacy of America's Most Hated Senator]'' (Simon and Schuster, 1999) ISBN 0684836254, p. 126</ref> After the fall of China to the Communists, both Adler and Chi would abscond to Beijing, where they would become officials of the new Communist government, Chi as a propagandist,<ref>[[Sidney Rittenberg]], ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=_vTLJpWj-0wC The Man Who Stayed Behind]'' (Duke University Press, 2001) ISBN 0822326671, p. 253</ref> Adler as a foreign espionage official.<ref>John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=dIsmm_ZLHcIC Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America]'' (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1999) ISBN 0300077718, p. 144</ref>

During the early war years, Service and Adler wrote favorable reports on the [[Kuomintang]] and [[Chiang Kai-shek]], which were keeping the Japanese busy, so they could not attack the Soviet Union. But once the defeat of Japan became likely, Soviet policy shifted to hostility toward the Nationalist government, and support for the Communist rebels seeking to overthrow it. Service began an increasingly harsh series of attacks on the Chinese government as "fascist" and "Gestapo-like,"<ref>Senate Internal Security Committee, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=FK8iAAAAMAAJ The Amerasia Papers: A Clue to the Catastrophe of China]'', Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws, Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1970), pp. 577, 592, 1015</ref> writing that "the Kuomintang intensifies its drive for 'Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer'."<ref>Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws, U.S. Senate, 82d Cong., 1st sess., [http://ia341005.us.archive.org/1/items/instituteofpacif03unit/instituteofpacif03unit_bw.pdf Institute of Pacific Relations, Part 3] (Washington: GPO, 1951), pp. 817, 818</ref>

During the early war years, Service and Adler wrote favorable reports on the [[Kuomintang]] and [[Chiang Kai-shek]], which were keeping the Japanese busy, so they could not attack the Soviet Union. But once the defeat of Japan became likely, Soviet policy shifted to hostility toward the Nationalist government, and support for the Communist rebels seeking to overthrow it. Service began an increasingly harsh series of attacks on the Chinese government as "fascist" and "Gestapo-like,"<ref>Senate Internal Security Committee, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=FK8iAAAAMAAJ The Amerasia Papers: A Clue to the Catastrophe of China]'', Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws, Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1970), pp. 577, 592, 1015</ref> writing that "the Kuomintang intensifies its drive for 'Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer'."<ref>Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws, U.S. Senate, 82d Cong., 1st sess., [http://ia341005.us.archive.org/1/items/instituteofpacif03unit/instituteofpacif03unit_bw.pdf Institute of Pacific Relations, Part 3] (Washington: GPO, 1951), pp. 817, 818</ref>