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The '''Bosnian War''' (1 April 1992- 14 December 1995) was an armed conflict fought in newly-independent [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] between three parties: the [[Bosniaks]] (Bosnian Muslims), the Bosnian [[Croats]] (Catholics) and Bosnian [[Serbs]] (Orthodox Christians). The war began when Serbia rejected the Bosnian-Herzegovinian declaration of independence from [[Yugoslavia]] by the Muslim-led government of President [[Alija Izetbegovic]]. Serbia intervened to support the Serbs living in Bosnia.

The '''Bosnian War''' (1 April 1992 – 14 December 1995) was an armed conflict fought in newly-independent [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] between three parties: the [[Bosniaks]] (Bosnian Muslims), the Bosnian [[Croats]] (Catholics) and Bosnian [[Serbs]] (Orthodox Christians). The war began when Serbia rejected the Bosnian-Herzegovinian declaration of independence from [[Yugoslavia]] by the Muslim-led government of President [[Alija Izetbegovic]]. Serbia intervened to support the Serbs living in Bosnia.

It has been called "the first surrogate war of the post-Cold War era", with Russia backing the Serbs, the Arab world assisting the Muslims and the United States and Europe assisting the Muslim-Croat federation.<ref>Cohen, Roger. (April 16, 1995) "Out of the Mud, Into the Morass". New York: ''The New York Times''.</ref> Contrary to the "conventional wisdom" that the modern notion of armed "[[Jihad#Modern jihad|jihad]]" grew out of the [[Soviet-Afghan War]], some analysts now point to the Bosnian war as the "cradle of modern jihadism".<ref name="Urban">Urban, Mark. (July 2, 2015) "[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-33345618 Bosnia: The cradle of modern jihadism?]" London: ''BBC News''. Retrieved August 31, 2017.</ref> By 2015, Bosnia-Herzegovina had "more men fighting [for Islamic State] in Syria and Iraq, as a proportion of its population, than most in Europe."<ref name=Urban/><ref>Bardos, Gordon N. (2014) "[http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/article/jihad-balkans-next-generation Jihad in the Balkans: The Next Generation]". Washington, DC: ''World Affairs''. Retrieved August 31, 2017.</ref>

It has been called "the first surrogate war of the post-Cold War era", with Russia backing the Serbs, the Arab world assisting the Muslims and the United States and Europe assisting the Muslim-Croat federation.<ref>Cohen, Roger. (April 16, 1995) "Out of the Mud, Into the Morass". New York: ''The New York Times''.</ref> Contrary to the "conventional wisdom" that the modern notion of armed "[[Jihad#Modern jihad|jihad]]" grew out of the [[Soviet-Afghan War]], some analysts now point to the Bosnian war as the "cradle of modern jihadism".<ref name="Urban">Urban, Mark. (July 2, 2015) "[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-33345618 Bosnia: The cradle of modern jihadism?]" London: ''BBC News''. Retrieved August 31, 2017.</ref> By 2015, Bosnia-Herzegovina had "more men fighting [for Islamic State] in Syria and Iraq, as a proportion of its population, than most in Europe."<ref name=Urban/><ref>Bardos, Gordon N. (2014) "[http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/article/jihad-balkans-next-generation Jihad in the Balkans: The Next Generation]". Washington, DC: ''World Affairs''. Retrieved August 31, 2017.</ref>

==NATO==

==NATO==

Finally [[NATO]] intervention with 60,000 troops and air power ended the war, through the NATO-led Implementation Force in Bosnia (IFOR) and the NATO-led Stabilization Force in Bosnia (SFOR). The threat of allied air attacks finally forced the Serbs to compromise.  The U.S. sent 38,000 troops in Bosnia; the last ones left in 2006.

Finally, [[NATO]] intervention with 60,000 troops and air power ended the war, through the NATO-led Implementation Force in Bosnia (IFOR) and the NATO-led Stabilization Force in Bosnia (SFOR). The threat of allied air attacks finally forced the Serbs to compromise.  The U.S. sent 38,000 troops in Bosnia; the last ones left in 2006.

 

==Dayton peace accords==

==Dayton peace accords==

The 1995 Dayton Agreement, signed by leaders of Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, and Serbia and brokered by President [[Bill Clinton]], divided Bosnia into separate ethnic regions; the goal was to settle peace between the Bosnians and Serbs. Dayton, however, unintentionally ensured that the Serbian inhabitants of Sarajevo and its suburbs would be forced to leave during 1996-98. Though many envisioned that following Dayton, Sarajevo would be governed by three ethnic groups, Yugoslav President [[Slobodan Milosevic]] unexpectedly allowed the Bosnians to control the city and much of the surrounding region. Although they were strongly urged to encourage the Serbs to stay in Bosnian-controlled Sarajevo, Bosnian authorities appeared unwilling or unable to control the sometimes violent intimidation of Serbs by Bosnians. Many Serbs who decided to flee Sarajevo participated in looting of local factories, businesses, and homes, and coerced fellow Serbs to also leave the region. Unable to provide adequate security for the remaining Serb population, NATO organizations also failed to maintain a multiethnic region and stem the Serb exodus from Sarajevo.<ref>Louis Sell, "The Serb Flight from Sarajevo: Dayton's First Failure," ''East European Politics & Societies'' 2000 14(1): 179-202,</ref>  

The 1995 Dayton Agreement, signed by leaders of Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, and Serbia and brokered by President [[Bill Clinton]], divided Bosnia into separate ethnic regions; the goal was to settle peace between the Bosnians and Serbs. Dayton, however, unintentionally ensured that the Serbian inhabitants of Sarajevo and its suburbs would be forced to leave during 1996-98. Though many envisioned that following Dayton, Sarajevo would be governed by three ethnic groups, Yugoslav President [[Slobodan Milosevic]] unexpectedly allowed the Bosnians to control the city and much of the surrounding region. Although they were strongly urged to encourage the Serbs to stay in Bosnian-controlled Sarajevo, Bosnian authorities appeared unwilling or unable to control the sometimes violent intimidation of Serbs by Bosnians. Many Serbs who decided to flee Sarajevo participated in the looting of local factories, businesses, and homes, and coerced fellow Serbs to also leave the region. Unable to provide adequate security for the remaining Serb population, NATO organizations also failed to maintain a multi-ethnic region and stem the Serb exodus from Sarajevo.<ref>Louis Sell, "The Serb Flight from Sarajevo: Dayton's First Failure," ''East European Politics & Societies'' 2000 14(1): 179-202,</ref>

 

==Further reading==

==Further reading==

* Burg, Steven L.  and Paul Shoup, eds. '' The war in Bosnia-Herzegovina: ethnic conflict and international intervention‎'' (1999)  - 499 pages [http://books.google.com/books?id=SopQbK_nAxgC&dq=intitle:war+intitle:in+intitle:bosnia&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=30&as_brr=0 excerpt and text search]

* Burg, Steven L.  and Paul Shoup, eds. '' The war in Bosnia-Herzegovina: ethnic conflict and international intervention‎'' (1999)  - 499 pages [http://books.google.com/books?id=SopQbK_nAxgC&dq=intitle:war+intitle:in+intitle:bosnia&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=30&as_brr=0 excerpt and text search]

* [[Sarajevo]]

* [[Sarajevo]]

* [[Yugoslavia]]

* [[Yugoslavia]]

[[Category:Balkans]]

[[Category:Balkans]]

[[Category:Bosnian History]]

[[Category:Bosnian History]]

[[Category:Wars]]

[[Category:Wars]]