Changes

===Reform Party===

===Reform Party===

Over the following decade, Gemma lost faith in the national Republican Party for its failure to challenge effectively its Democratic opposition. In 1999, he left the GOP to follow Pat Buchanan into the Reform Party, then recently organized by former [[Independent]] presidential candidate [[Ross Perot]] of Texas from the remnants of his United We Stand America organization.<ref name=pbgbio/> He became a Reform Party national committee member for Virginia, where he was then residing and supporting Buchanan's third-party bid for the presidency, which followed two unsuccessful attempts for the Republican nomination in 1992 against incumbent George Herbert Walker Bush and in 1996 against U.S. Senator [[Robert Dole]] of [[Kansas]]. Gemma had supported Buchanan in those two campaigns as well. He called himself a "moderate extremist". He was a member of the [[Council for National Policy]], a group established in 1981 which meets without the media present three times annually to promote without fanfare a conservative national agenda. Its members have included  U.S. Senator [[Jesse Helms]] of [[North Carolina]], former [[United States Attorney General]] [[Ed Meese]], long-term activist [[Phyllis Schlafly]], financiers Nelson Bunker Hunt and J. Peter Grace, and Jerry Falwell.<ref name=mal>{{cite web|url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2002/patrick-buchanan%E2%80%99s-reform-party-begins-unraveltitle=Patrick Buchanan’s Reform Party Begins to Unravel|author=Martin A. Lee|date=September 20, 2002|publisher=spicenter.org|accessdate=May 20, 2016}}</ref>

Over the following decade, Gemma lost faith in the national Republican Party for its failure to challenge effectively its Democratic opposition. In 1999, he left the GOP to follow Pat Buchanan into the Reform Party, then recently organized by former [[Independent]] presidential candidate [[Ross Perot]] of Texas from the remnants of his United We Stand America organization.<ref name=pbgbio/> He became a Reform Party national committee member for Virginia, where he was then residing and supporting Buchanan's third-party bid for the presidency, which followed two unsuccessful attempts for the Republican nomination in 1992 against incumbent George Herbert Walker Bush and in 1996 against U.S. Senator [[Robert Dole]] of [[Kansas]]. Gemma had supported Buchanan in those two campaigns as well. He called himself a "moderate extremist". He was a member of the [[Council for National Policy]], a group established in 1981 which meets without the media present three times annually to promote without fanfare a conservative national agenda. Its members have included  U.S. Senator [[Jesse Helms]] of [[North Carolina]], former [[United States Attorney General]] [[Ed Meese]], long-term activist [[Phyllis Schlafly]], financiers Nelson Bunker Hunt and J. Peter Grace, and Jerry Falwell.<ref name=mal>{{cite web|url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2002/patrick-buchanan%E2%80%99s-reform-party-begins-unravel|title=Patrick Buchanan’s Reform Party Begins to Unravel|author=Martin A. Lee|date=September 20, 2002|publisher=spicenter.org|accessdate=May 20, 2016}}</ref>

In Buchanan's 2000 Reform Party challenge to [[George W. Bush]] and [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]] [[Al Gore]], Gemma collaborated with the Virginia branch of the American Friends of the British National Party, considered a white nationalist organization. However, Gemma denied being part of the group and told an interviewer that he had merely "dropped off some Buchanan petitions" at an AFBNP function in Arlington, Virginia, another of Gemma's former cities of residence.<ref name=mal/>

In Buchanan's 2000 Reform Party challenge to [[George W. Bush]] and [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]] [[Al Gore]], Gemma collaborated with the Virginia branch of the American Friends of the British National Party, considered a white nationalist organization. However, Gemma denied being part of the group and told an interviewer that he had merely "dropped off some Buchanan petitions" at an AFBNP function in Arlington, Virginia, another of Gemma's former cities of residence.<ref name=mal/>