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'''National liberalism''' is a variant of [[classical liberalism]], consisting of a combination of issues and policies which form a core of liberalism to nationalist positions on migration, citizenship, international relations and trade.  The term is also used to describe a number of past and current European political parties that have been active on the subject.  The basic concepts of national liberalism were formed in the 19th century, when conservative liberals influenced European political life and superseded the monarchists.

'''National liberalism''' is a variant of [[classical liberalism]], consisting of a combination of issues and policies which form a core of liberalism to[[Nationalism| nationalist]] positions on migration, citizenship, international relations and trade.  The term is also used to describe a number of past and current [[Europe|European]] political parties that have been active on the subject.  The basic concepts of national liberalism were formed in the 19th century, when [[Liberal conservatism|conservative liberals]] influenced European political life and superseded the [[Monarchy|monarchists]].

==Policies==

==Policies==

In opposition to current [[liberalism]], i.e the submission of person to state, the goals of national liberalism are the pursuit of individual/economic freedom along with national sovereignty<ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uh0rBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA255&lpg=PA255&dq=%22national+liberalism%22++++Antall&source=bl&ots=a3UYv4zr99&sig=27c9-gfQaON1OHKc4Zb0qjJuQpw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi6_-b9rsPWAhWCAsAKHdfjDb8Q6AEILDAB]. Google Books.</ref><ref>[http://www.conservapedia.com/Special:BookSources/0521323940]. Book.</ref><ref>[http://www.conservapedia.com/Special:BookSources/9781594035654]. Book.</ref>. The starting point, as author Yael Tamir pointed out, is "a set of beliefs endorsing individual rights and liberties, affirming the right of individuals to equal respect and concern, and presuming that governments should be neutral and impartial, vis-a-vis individual interests, preferences, and conceptions of the good"<ref>Tamir, pg 6</ref>. This may mean acceptance for protectionism and other government interventions in the economy, but only to a limited extent and in support of the national private sector. Such ideas are in stark contrast to modern liberalism which advocates government control in all aspects of society.  National liberals reject the idea of a world government of any kind and see the value of having free, independent, liberal states.

In opposition to current [[liberalism]], i.e the submission of person to state, the goals of national liberalism are the pursuit of individual/economic freedom along with national sovereignty.<ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uh0rBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA255&lpg=PA255&dq=%22national+liberalism%22++++Antall&source=bl&ots=a3UYv4zr99&sig=27c9-gfQaON1OHKc4Zb0qjJuQpw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi6_-b9rsPWAhWCAsAKHdfjDb8Q6AEILDAB]. Google Books.</ref><ref>[http://www.conservapedia.com/Special:BookSources/0521323940]. Book.</ref><ref>[http://www.conservapedia.com/Special:BookSources/9781594035654]. Book.</ref>  The starting point, as author Yael Tamir pointed out, is "a set of beliefs endorsing individual rights and liberties, affirming the right of individuals to equal respect and concern, and presuming that governments should be neutral and impartial, vis-a-vis individual interests, preferences, and conceptions of the good."<ref>Tamir, pg 6</ref>  This may mean acceptance for protectionism and other government interventions in the economy, but only to a limited extent and in support of the national private sector. Such ideas are in stark contrast to modern liberalism which advocates government control in all aspects of society.  National liberals reject the idea of a world government of any kind and see the value of having free, independent, liberal states.

==History==

==History==

After the collapse of the German Empire in 1918 the majority of the national liberals under Gustav Stresemann and the right wing of the former Progressive People's Party joined the German People's Party (DVP) in December 1918. Against Stresemann's pro-Republican course, the short-lived National Liberal Reichspartei formed in 1924. In 1933, however, with the end of the DVP, the influential force of national liberalism was consumed; the rise of [[National socialism]] effectively ended all remaining political parties in Germany until the end of the [[World War II|Second World War]].

After the collapse of the German Empire in 1918 the majority of the national liberals under Gustav Stresemann and the right wing of the former Progressive People's Party joined the German People's Party (DVP) in December 1918. Against Stresemann's pro-Republican course, the short-lived National Liberal Reichspartei formed in 1924. In 1933, however, with the end of the DVP, the influential force of national liberalism was consumed; the rise of [[National socialism]] effectively ended all remaining political parties in Germany until the end of the [[World War II|Second World War]].

Within the Free Democratic Party (FDP), there were mostly conservative, partly reactionary, nationalist struggles, especially in the 1950s, which were particularly strong in individual national associations. Thus, in the Bundestag, she voted against the denazification process introduced by the CDU and the SPD at the end of 1950. At her 1951 parliamentary convention in Munich, she demanded the release of all so-called war criminals, and welcomed the formation of the German Soldiers' Union of former members of the Wehrmacht and the SS to promote the integration of nationalist forces into democracy. The Naumann affair, named after Werner Naumann (1953), marks the attempt of old National Socialists to emigrate the party, which had many right-wing conservative and nationalist members in Hesse, North Rhine-Westphalia and Lower Saxony. After the British occupation authorities had arrested seven prominent representatives of the Naumann circle, the FDP federal executive committee set up an investigation commission chaired by Thomas Dehler, which in particular criticized the conditions in the North Rhine-Westphalian FDP. In the following years, the right wing lost power, the extreme rights were increasingly seeking fields of action outside the FDP. Since the middle of the 1960s, the FDP under Walter Scheel and Hans-Dietrich Genscher had defined themselves as a party of the center, and with the Freiburg theses as a left-wing party. The majority of the still remaining national liberals left the party between 1969 and 1972 in protest against the New Ostpolitik and founded the short-lived small party Nationalliberale Aktion (NLA).

Within the Free Democratic Party (FDP), there were mostly conservative, partly reactionary, nationalist struggles, especially in the 1950s, which were particularly strong in individual national associations. Thus, in the Bundestag, she voted against the denazification process introduced by the CDU and the SPD at the end of 1950. At her 1951 parliamentary convention in Munich, she demanded the release of all so-called war criminals, and welcomed the formation of the German Soldiers' Union of former members of the Wehrmacht and the SS to promote the integration of nationalist forces into democracy. The Naumann affair, named after Werner Naumann (1953), marks the attempt of old National Socialists to emigrate the party, which had many right-wing conservative and nationalist members in Hesse, North Rhine-Westphalia, and Lower Saxony. After the British occupation authorities had arrested seven prominent representatives of the Naumann circle, the FDP federal executive committee set up an investigation commission chaired by Thomas Dehler, which in particular criticized the conditions in the North Rhine-Westphalian FDP. In the following years, the right wing lost power, the extreme rights were increasingly seeking fields of action outside the FDP. Since the middle of the 1960s, the FDP under Walter Scheel and Hans-Dietrich Genscher had defined themselves as a party of the center, and with the Freiburg theses as a left-wing party. The majority of the still remaining national liberals left the party between 1969 and 1972 in protest against the New Ostpolitik and founded the short-lived small party Nationalliberale Aktion (NLA).

Later, attempts were repeatedly made to revive the national liberal tradition in the FDP. Hermann Oxfort and Alexander von Stahl founded the Liberal Society in 1979, which set itself the goal of a renewal of the law. With Achim Rohde and Heiner Kappel, he founded the Liberal Offensive in the FDP in 1995. In 2009, a Stresemann club was established as a national and right-wing network within the FDP, but now no longer exists.

Later, attempts were repeatedly made to revive the national liberal tradition in the FDP. Hermann Oxfort and Alexander von Stahl founded the Liberal Society in 1979, which set itself the goal of a renewal of the law. With Achim Rohde and Heiner Kappel, he founded the Liberal Offensive in the FDP in 1995. In 2009, a Stresemann club was established as a national and right-wing network within the FDP, but now no longer exists.

===Austria===

===Austria===

Very few liberal parties developed in imperial Austria, with only the German-speaking party able to establish itself as a national force in the middle of the nineteenth century.  A struggle against Catholicism and the Slavic peoples led ultimately to the breakup and defeat of the party, which split into several German-free and German-national parties and groups. In the First Republic liberalism played only a marginal role, ineffective as it sat between the Christian Social and Social Democratic blocs.  At present, the Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs (FPÖ) is the national liberal party operating today, with the majority of its members classified as right-wing populist.

Very few liberal parties developed in imperial Austria, with only the German-speaking party able to establish itself as a national force in the middle of the nineteenth century.  A struggle against Catholicism and the Slavic peoples led ultimately to the breakup and defeat of the party, which split into several German-free and German-national parties and groups. In the First Republic, liberalism played only a marginal role, ineffective as it sat between the Christian Social and Social Democratic blocs.  At present, the [[Freedom Party of Austria|Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs]] (FPÖ) is sometimes considered a national liberal party, with the majority of its members classified as right-wing populist.

===Denmark===

===Denmark===

*Martin Kitchen: ''A History of Modern Germany: 1800 to the Present'', 2nd ed. Chichester, West Sussex/Malden, Massachusetts: Wiley-Blackwell (2012)

*Martin Kitchen: ''A History of Modern Germany: 1800 to the Present'', 2nd ed. Chichester, West Sussex/Malden, Massachusetts: Wiley-Blackwell (2012)

*Frank Eyck: ''The Frankfurt Parliament 1848–1849''. London: Macmillan/New York: St. Martin's (1968)

*Frank Eyck: ''The Frankfurt Parliament 1848–1849''. London: Macmillan/New York: St. Martin's (1968)