Changes

==Progressive Era==

==Progressive Era==

The [[Progressive Era]] in Texas began earlier than most states, with the election of Governor [[James Stephen Hogg]] (1851-1906, governor 1891-1895) in 1890 and his reelection in 1892. Hogg was the leading reformer of the era, taking credit for establishing the [[Texas Railroad Commission]], ousting Standard Oil, and passing laws to stop outside monopoly control of Texas oil and other resources was enacted.<ref>See Robert C. Cotner, ''James Stephen Hogg: A Biography'' (1959); Cotner, "Hogg, James Stephen, (1851-1906)" in [http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/HH/fho17.html ''Handbook of Texas Online'' (2008)]</ref> Hogg was a reformer and an advocate of a strong state government. Policies that he established have continued and are reflected in the [[Texas Railroad Commission|railroad commission's]] supervision of the oil and transportation industries, the attorney general's prosecutions of antitrust activities, and state support of an advanced public education program.  Hogg, the regular Democrat, was reelected after an intense contest in 1892, with 44% percent of the vote (190,500) to 31% (133,400) for conservative  [[Bourbon Democrats|Jeffersonians Democrat]] George W. Clark (1841-1918)<ref>Doug Johnson, "Clark, George W." in [http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/CC/fcl5.html ''Handbook of Texas Online'' (2008)]</ref> and 25% (108,500) for  Populist Thomas Nugent (1841–95).<ref>Nugent had 36% in a losing race in 1894. See Worth Robert Miller, "Nugent, Thomas Lewis," in [http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/NN/fnu2.html ''Handbook of Texas Online'' (2008)]</ref> Hogg's coalition included white farmers, a few important businessmen who did not object to the Railroad Commission, manual workers in the cities, and a some black voters. Clark had the support of most businessmen, large ranchers in the south and west, and blacks controlled by the Republican Party. Nugent's strength lay white small farmers; he fared poorly among blacks.

The [[Progressive Era]] in Texas began earlier than most states, with the election of Governor [[James Stephen Hogg]] (1851–1906, governor 1891–1895) in 1890 and his reelection in 1892. Hogg was the leading reformer of the era, taking credit for establishing the [[Texas Railroad Commission]], ousting Standard Oil, and passing laws to stop outside monopoly control of Texas oil and other resources was enacted.<ref>See Robert C. Cotner, ''James Stephen Hogg: A Biography'' (1959); Cotner, "Hogg, James Stephen, (1851-1906)" in [http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/HH/fho17.html ''Handbook of Texas Online'' (2008)]</ref> Hogg was a reformer and an advocate of a strong state government. Policies that he established have continued and are reflected in the [[Texas Railroad Commission|railroad commission's]] supervision of the oil and transportation industries, the attorney general's prosecutions of antitrust activities, and state support of an advanced public education program.  Hogg, the regular Democrat, was reelected after an intense contest in 1892, with 44% percent of the vote (190,500) to 31% (133,400) for conservative  [[Bourbon Democrats|Jeffersonians Democrat]] George W. Clark (1841–1918)<ref>Doug Johnson, "Clark, George W." in [http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/CC/fcl5.html ''Handbook of Texas Online'' (2008)]</ref> and 25% (108,500) for  Populist Thomas Nugent (1841–95).<ref>Nugent had 36% in a losing race in 1894. See Worth Robert Miller, "Nugent, Thomas Lewis," in [http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/NN/fnu2.html ''Handbook of Texas Online'' (2008)]</ref> Hogg's coalition included white farmers, a few important businessmen who did not object to the Railroad Commission, manual workers in the cities, and some black voters. Clark had the support of most businessmen, large ranchers in the south and west, and blacks controlled by the Republican Party. Nugent's strength lay white small farmers; he fared poorly among blacks.

Businessman [[Colonel House|Edward House]] (1858-1938), was Hogg's campaign manager; behind the scenes House engineered the election of three more protégés as governor—most of them more conservative than Hogg. In 1913 House became the top adviser to President [[Woodrow Wilson]], and brought several Texans to high office.<ref>Charles E. Neu, "House, Edward Mandell," [http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/HH/fho66.html ''Handbook of Texas Online'' (2008)]</ref> In 1905, progressives passed a law requiring a direct primary in major elections and passed a series of corporate taxes. In 1906, a progressive Democrat, Thomas Campbell, won the governorship, and the legislature responded with an unprecedented outpouring of reforms, including regulation of the insurance industry, state insurance for bank deposits, additional tax reforms, improvements in public education, abolition of the barbarous convict-leasing system, pure food and drug legislation, and several labor safety laws.  

Businessman [[Colonel House|Edward House]] (1858–1938), was Hogg's campaign manager; behind the scenes, House engineered the election of three more protégés as governor—most of them more conservative than Hogg. In 1913 House became the top adviser to President [[Woodrow Wilson]], and brought several Texans to high office.<ref>Charles E. Neu, "House, Edward Mandell," [http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/HH/fho66.html ''Handbook of Texas Online'' (2008)]</ref> In 1905, progressives passed a law requiring a direct primary in major elections and passed a series of corporate taxes. In 1906, a progressive Democrat, Thomas Campbell, won the governorship, and the legislature responded with an unprecedented outpouring of reforms, including regulation of the insurance industry, state insurance for bank deposits, additional tax reforms, improvements in public education, abolition of the barbarous convict-leasing system, pure food and drug legislation, and several labor safety laws.

==History since ca. 1900==

==History since ca. 1900==