Changes

=="Dictatorial powers"==

=="Dictatorial powers"==

Roosevelt presented the New Deal in militaristic terms of "discipline," sacrificing individual rights for "leadership" promising a greater good. His first inaugural address contained an exhortation that could have been made by Mussolini or Hitler:

Roosevelt presented the New Deal in militaristic terms of "discipline," sacrificing individual rights for "leadership" promising a greater good. His first inaugural address contained an exhortation that could have been made by Mussolini or Hitler:

{{cquote|[I]f we are to go forward, we must move as a trained and loyal army willing to sacrifice for the good of a common discipline, because without such discipline no progress can be made, no leadership becomes effective.... We are, I know, ready and willing to submit our lives and our property to such discipline, because it makes possible a leadership which aims at the larger good.... I assume unhesitatingly the leadership of this great army of our people.... [I]n the event that the Congress shall fail... I shall ask the Congress for the one remaining instrument to meet the crisis -- broad Executive power to wage a war against the emergency, as great as the power that would be given to me if we were in fact invaded by a foreign foe.<ref>Franklin Delano Roosevelt's First Inaugural Address, Washington, DC, March 4, 1933, in Michael Waldman, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=bHpQCczJrwkC My Fellow Americans: The Most Important Speeches of America's Presidents, from George Washington to Barack Obama]'' (Sourcebooks, Inc., 2010), ISBN 1402243677, pp. 98-101</ref>}}

{{cquote|[I]f we are to go forward, we must move as a trained and loyal army willing to sacrifice for the good of a common discipline, because without such discipline no progress can be made, no leadership becomes effective.... We are, I know, ready and willing to submit our lives and our property to such discipline, because it makes possible a leadership which aims at the larger good.... I assume unhesitatingly the leadership of this great army of our people.... [I]n the event that the Congress shall fail... I shall ask the Congress for the one remaining instrument to meet the crisis -- broad Executive power to wage a war against the emergency, as great as the power that would be given to me if we were in fact invaded by a foreign foe.<ref>Franklin Delano Roosevelt's First Inaugural Address, Washington, DC, March 4, 1933, in Michael Waldman, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=bHpQCczJrwkC My Fellow Americans: The Most Important Speeches of America's Presidents, from George Washington to Barack Obama]'' (Sourcebooks, Inc., 2010), ISBN 1402243677, pp. 98-101. In 1932, members of FDR's inner circle urged the new president to deputize the American Legion as -- in Alter's words -- an "extraconstitutional" "private army." In prepared remarks to be delivered to a meeting of the American Legion (and broadcast as his first radio address after his inauguration), FDR was to tell the assembled veterans, "As new commander-in-chief under the oath to which you are still bound, I reserve to myself the right to command you in any phase of the situation which now confronts us." (Alter calls this "dictator talk -- an explicit power grab.") Jonathan Alter, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ASmlaOHQNawC The Defining Moment: FDR's Hundred Days and the Triumph of Hope]'' (Simon and Schuster, 2007) ISBN 0743246012, pp. 4-5, as cited in Jonah Goldberg, "[http://www.claremont.org/crb/article/the-raw-deal/ The Raw Deal: A review of ''The Forgotten Man: A New History of the Great Depression]'', by Amity Shlaes," ''Claremont Review of Books'', Vol. VIII , Number 1 - Winter 2007/08</ref>}}

Meanwhile, [[First Lady]] [[Eleanor Roosevelt]] “lamented that the nation lacked a benevolent dictator to force through reforms."<ref>Christopher Caldwell, “[http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/the_book_club/features/1999/eleanor_roosevelt_volume_2_19331938/er_authoritarian_and_aristocratic.html ER: Authoritarian and Aristocratic], Slate.com, July 28, 1999. In the crisis of World War II, the First Lady wrote, "I've come to one very clear decision, namely, that all of us -- men in the services, and men and women at home -- should be drafted and told what is the job we are to do. It seems to me there should be immediately a freezing of prices, of profits and of wages .... The only way I can see to get the maximum service out of our citizens, is to draft us all and to tell us all where we can be most useful and where our work is needed." She thought that private citizens should be regimented into "complying with the wishes and doing the things which those in authority thought should be done." Eleanor Roosevelt, [https://www.gwu.edu/~erpapers/myday/displaydoc.cfm?_y=1942&_f=md056129 "My Day," May 10, 1942]</ref> Soviet intelligence source<ref>[http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/venona/1944/9sep_lippman_views_churchill_roosevelt.pdf 1289 KGB New York to Moscow, 9 September 1944]</ref> [[Walter Lippmann]] told Roosevelt, "The situation is critical, Franklin. You may have no alternative but to assume dictatorial powers";<ref>Thomas Griffith, “[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,924464,00.html NEWSWATCH: Comrade of the Powerful],” ''Time'', September 15, 1980</ref> in his influential<ref>Lippmann is widely regarded as “the most influential journalist in American history.” Jacqueline Foertsch, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=mao9DJoAlhAC American Culture in the 1940s]'' (Edinburgh University Press, 2008) ISBN 0748624139, p. 56</ref> column, Lippmann added that the use of "'dictatorial powers,' if that is the name for it&mdash;is essential."<ref>Russell Baker, “[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/22273 A Revolutionary President], ''The New York Review of Books'', Vol. 56, No. 2 (February 12, 2009)</ref> The ''New York Herald Tribune'' approved the inauguration with the headline "FOR DICTATORSHIP IF NECESSARY."<ref>“[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5525748 Author Reconstructs FDR's 'Defining Moment'],” ''Weekend Edition Saturday'', National Public Radio, July 1, 2006</ref> "We called for a Man of Action, and we got one," wrote New Dealer Donald Richberg. For only the Man of Action could overcome the "inefficiencies and corruptions of popular government":

Meanwhile, [[First Lady]] [[Eleanor Roosevelt]] “lamented that the nation lacked a benevolent dictator to force through reforms."<ref>Christopher Caldwell, “[http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/the_book_club/features/1999/eleanor_roosevelt_volume_2_19331938/er_authoritarian_and_aristocratic.html ER: Authoritarian and Aristocratic], Slate.com, July 28, 1999. In the crisis of World War II, the First Lady wrote, "I've come to one very clear decision, namely, that all of us -- men in the services, and men and women at home -- should be drafted and told what is the job we are to do. It seems to me there should be immediately a freezing of prices, of profits and of wages .... The only way I can see to get the maximum service out of our citizens, is to draft us all and to tell us all where we can be most useful and where our work is needed." She thought that private citizens should be regimented into "complying with the wishes and doing the things which those in authority thought should be done." Eleanor Roosevelt, [https://www.gwu.edu/~erpapers/myday/displaydoc.cfm?_y=1942&_f=md056129 "My Day," May 10, 1942]</ref> Soviet intelligence source<ref>[http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/venona/1944/9sep_lippman_views_churchill_roosevelt.pdf 1289 KGB New York to Moscow, 9 September 1944]</ref> [[Walter Lippmann]] told Roosevelt, "The situation is critical, Franklin. You may have no alternative but to assume dictatorial powers";<ref>Thomas Griffith, “[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,924464,00.html NEWSWATCH: Comrade of the Powerful],” ''Time'', September 15, 1980</ref> in his influential<ref>Lippmann is widely regarded as “the most influential journalist in American history.” Jacqueline Foertsch, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=mao9DJoAlhAC American Culture in the 1940s]'' (Edinburgh University Press, 2008) ISBN 0748624139, p. 56</ref> column, Lippmann added that the use of "'dictatorial powers,' if that is the name for it&mdash;is essential."<ref>Russell Baker, “[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/22273 A Revolutionary President], ''The New York Review of Books'', Vol. 56, No. 2 (February 12, 2009)</ref> The ''New York Herald Tribune'' approved the inauguration with the headline "FOR DICTATORSHIP IF NECESSARY."<ref>“[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5525748 Author Reconstructs FDR's 'Defining Moment'],” ''Weekend Edition Saturday'', National Public Radio, July 1, 2006</ref> "We called for a Man of Action, and we got one," wrote New Dealer Donald Richberg. For only the Man of Action could overcome the "inefficiencies and corruptions of popular government":

{{cquote|The American people might well go down upon their knees and thank God that in that dreadful day there came into power the man who alone could save them — the Man of Action.<ref>Donald Randall Richberg, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=od1AAAAAIAAJ The rainbow: after the sunshine of prosperity, the deluge of the depression, the rainbow of the NRA, what have we learned? Where are we going?]'' (Doubleday, Doran & company, inc., 1936), pp. 2, 14, 294. Cf. James Q. Whitman, "[http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1656&context=fss_papers Of Corporatism, Fascism, and the First New Deal]," ''The American Journal of Comparative Law'', Vol. 39, No. 4 (Autumn, 1991), pp. 747-778. N.B. The New York Times had identified Mussolini as a "man of action" nine years before Richie's [https://books.google.com/books?id=cfIhAQAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22man+of+action%22 first recorded application] of [https://archive.org/stream/Electrical_Workers_Journal_1933-08/Electrical_Workers_Journal_1933-08_djvu.txt this title to FDR]: "Being a man of action rather than words he was among the first to fly to the colors." Alice, Rohe, "[https://query.nytimes.com/search/sitesearch/?action=click&contentCollection&region=TopBar&WT.nav=searchWidget&module=SearchSubmit&pgtype=Homepage#/Mussolini,%20Hope%20of%20Youth,%20Italy%E2%80%99s%20%E2%80%98Man%20of%20Tomorrow%E2%80%99 MUSSOLINI, HOPE OF YOUTH, ITALY'S 'MAN OF TOMORROW'; HARD WORK HIS CREED Scholar and Editor, Self Taught, Is Premier at Thirty-Eight ONCE A SOCIALIST LEADER Spectre of a Bolshevik Government Led Him to Organize Fascisti and Upset Cabinet]," ''The New York Times'', November 5, 1922, p. 109</ref>}}

{{cquote|The American people might well go down upon their knees and thank God that in that dreadful day there came into power the man who alone could save them — the Man of Action.<ref>Donald Randall Richberg, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=od1AAAAAIAAJ The rainbow: after the sunshine of prosperity, the deluge of the depression, the rainbow of the NRA, what have we learned? Where are we going?]'' (Doubleday, Doran & company, inc., 1936), pp. 2, 14, 294. Cf. James Q. Whitman, "[http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1656&context=fss_papers Of Corporatism, Fascism, and the First New Deal]," ''The American Journal of Comparative Law'', Vol. 39, No. 4 (Autumn, 1991), pp. 747-778. N.B. The New York Times had identified Mussolini as a "man of action" nine years before Richie's [https://books.google.com/books?id=cfIhAQAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22man+of+action%22 first recorded application] of [https://archive.org/stream/Electrical_Workers_Journal_1933-08/Electrical_Workers_Journal_1933-08_djvu.txt this title to FDR]: "Being a man of action rather than words he was among the first to fly to the colors." Alice, Rohe, "[https://query.nytimes.com/search/sitesearch/?action=click&contentCollection&region=TopBar&WT.nav=searchWidget&module=SearchSubmit&pgtype=Homepage#/Mussolini,%20Hope%20of%20Youth,%20Italy%E2%80%99s%20%E2%80%98Man%20of%20Tomorrow%E2%80%99 MUSSOLINI, HOPE OF YOUTH, ITALY'S 'MAN OF TOMORROW'; HARD WORK HIS CREED Scholar and Editor, Self Taught, Is Premier at Thirty-Eight ONCE A SOCIALIST LEADER Spectre of a Bolshevik Government Led Him to Organize Fascisti and Upset Cabinet]," ''The New York Times'', November 5, 1922, p. 109</ref>}}