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The '''New Deal''' was a group of otherwise disjointed programs conducted by President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], a [[Democrat Party|Democrat]], throughout the [[Great Depression]], especially from 1933-36. His program had three aspects: Relief, Recovery and Reform. It sought to provide immediate Relief for the millions of unemployed in the [[Great Depression]]. It was intended to promote Recovery of the economy to normal standards—a goal he did not fully achieve. It involved a series of Reforms, especially in the financial system and labor relations. The basic issue was how to deal with the severely damaged economy—and great social misery—caused by three years of the [[Great Depression]].  Conservatives endorsed parts of the '''First New Deal''' (the 1933 programs)  and rejected the more radical '''Second New Deal''' (the 1934-35 programs).   

The '''New Deal''' was a group of otherwise disjointed programs conducted by President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], a [[Democrat Party|Democrat]], throughout the [[Great Depression]], especially from 1933–36. His program had three aspects: Relief, Recovery and Reform. It sought to provide immediate Relief for the millions of unemployed in the [[Great Depression]]. It was intended to promote Recovery of the economy to normal standards—a goal he did not fully achieve. It involved a series of Reforms, especially in the financial system and labor relations. The basic issue was how to deal with the severely damaged economy—and great social misery—caused by three years of the [[Great Depression]].  Conservatives endorsed parts of the '''First New Deal''' (the 1933 programs)  and rejected the more radical '''Second New Deal''' (the 1934–35 programs).   

The New Deal was popular among voters leading to the formation of the [[New Deal Coalition]], which made the Democrats the majority party during the [[Fifth Party System]] into the 1960s. However a [[Conservative Coalition]] took control of Congress in 1937 and blocked nearly all additional programs; during the war years (1941–45) the conservatives successfully rolled back many of the relief efforts on the grounds they were no longer needed since full employment was achieved.  The "reforms" that regulated the economy were mostly dropped in the deregulation era (1974–87), except for oversight of Wall Street by the [[SEC]], which conservatives approved because it increased investor confidence.   

The New Deal was popular among voters leading to the formation of the [[New Deal Coalition]], which made the Democrats the majority party during the [[Fifth Party System]] into the 1960s. However, a [[Conservative Coalition]] took control of Congress in 1937 and blocked nearly all additional programs; during the war years (1941–45) the conservatives successfully rolled back many of the relief efforts on the grounds they were no longer needed since full employment was achieved.  The "reforms" that regulated the economy were mostly dropped in the deregulation era (1974–87), except for oversight of Wall Street by the [[SEC]], which conservatives approved because it increased investor confidence.   

The [[New Deal Coalition]] dominated national politics until it split apart in the 1960s. Ever since it has been the holy grail of liberals seeking to restore their former glory.

The [[New Deal Coalition]] dominated national politics until it split apart in the 1960s. Ever since it has been the holy grail of liberals seeking to restore their former glory.

Although the New Deal did not fully solve the economic catastrophe that was on the verge of destroying the US economy in early 1933, it achieved many of its objectives and the period of 1933-37 saw some sectors return to economic growth.   

Although the New Deal did not fully solve the economic catastrophe that was on the verge of destroying the US economy in early 1933, it achieved many of its objectives and the period of 1933–37 saw some sectors return to economic growth.   

==Broker State==

==Broker State==

==Economic planning==

==Economic planning==

:'''''Main article'': [[Economic planning]]

:'''''Main article'': [[Economic planning]]

As the Depression set in, terms like “[[planned economy]]” and “national planning” became the watchwords of the day.<ref>[http://www.independent.org/publications/article.asp?id=1468 ''FDR: The Man, the Leader, the Legacy''], Ralph Raico, Future of Freedom Foundation, April 1, 2001. Retrieved from The Independent Institute.org 06/17/07.</ref> They had been used by theoriticians for years and popularized by best-selling writers like [[George Soule]] and [[Stuart Chase]], who lauded the Soviet Gosplan (central planning), asking plaintively, “Why should the Russians have all the fun of remaking a world?” One prominent member of the [[Brain trust]] was [[Rexford Guy Tugwell]]. Tugwell was a follower of the school of thought known as "Institutional Economics". His official position was assistant secretary of agriculture, that is, second in command to [[Henry A. Wallace]], but his influence extended far beyond that. Tugwell had traveled to the Soviet Union in 1927 and observed through scientific economic planning the Soviets were able to “carry out their industrial operations with a completely thought-out program.” “The future,” he announced, “is becoming visible in Russia.”  Tugwell scorned the [[free market]] as anarchical, an uncoordinated muddle of hopelessly conflicting aims and purposes. It would have to be replaced by national planning, or [[technocracy]], another shibboleth of the day, implying rule by the technical experts and managers,<ref>James Burnham, ''The Managerial Revolution'', (1966).</ref> like himself.

As the Depression set in, terms like “[[planned economy]]” and “national planning” became the watchwords of the day.<ref>[http://www.independent.org/publications/article.asp?id=1468 ''FDR: The Man, the Leader, the Legacy''], Ralph Raico, Future of Freedom Foundation, April 1, 2001. Retrieved from The Independent Institute.org 06/17/07.</ref> They had been used by theoreticians for years and popularized by best-selling writers like [[George Soule]] and [[Stuart Chase]], who lauded the Soviet Gosplan (central planning), asking plaintively, “Why should the Russians have all the fun of remaking a world?” One prominent member of the [[Brain trust]] was [[Rexford Guy Tugwell]]. Tugwell was a follower of the school of thought known as "Institutional Economics". His official position was assistant secretary of agriculture, that is, second in command to [[Henry A. Wallace]], but his influence extended far beyond that. Tugwell had traveled to the Soviet Union in 1927 and observed through scientific economic planning the Soviets were able to “carry out their industrial operations with a completely thought-out program.” “The future,” he announced, “is becoming visible in Russia.”  Tugwell scorned the [[free market]] as anarchical, an uncoordinated muddle of hopelessly conflicting aims and purposes. It would have to be replaced by national planning, or [[technocracy]], another shibboleth of the day, implying rule by the technical experts and managers,<ref>James Burnham, ''The Managerial Revolution'', (1966).</ref> like himself.

==First and Second New Deals==

==First and Second New Deals==