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'''John William Money''' (1921 – 2006), Ph.D., psychologist and sexologist who pioneered "sex-change" operations, "gender theory" and sexual identity studies.

'''John William Money''' (1921 – 2006), Ph.D., psychologist and sexologist who pioneered "sex-change" operations, "gender theory" and sexual identity studies.

==Early Life and Career==

==Early Life and Training==

Money was born near Auckland, [[New Zealand]], and grew up near Wellington. He graduated from the University of Otago and became an instructor there before winning a grant to study at the University of Pittsburgh in 1947. He later went to Harvard for graduate work, and in 1951 arrived at [[Johns Hopkins University]], in Maryland USA, where he spent the rest of his career, as a psychologist.

Money was born near Auckland, [[New Zealand]], and grew up near Wellington. He graduated from the University of Otago and became an instructor there before winning a grant to study at the University of Pittsburgh in 1947. He later went to Harvard for graduate work, and in 1951 arrived at [[Johns Hopkins University]], in Maryland USA, where he spent the rest of his career, as a psychologist.

After studying infants born with ambiguous genitalia Money developed a theory that sexual identity is formed by upbringing rather than defined wholly by genes and hormones. The fallacy here was of course to try to use abnormal cases to make deductions about the vast majority of normal people.

 

After studying infants born with ambiguous genitalia Money developed a theory that sexual identity is formed by upbringing rather than defined wholly by genes and hormones. (The fallacy here was of course to try to use abnormal cases to make deductions about the vast majority of normal people.)

Early in his career, Dr. Money coined the terms “gender identity,” to describe the internal experience of sexuality, and “gender role,” to refer to social expectations of male and female behavior. The two concepts still drive much research into sexual identity.

Early in his career, Dr. Money coined the terms “gender identity,” to describe the internal experience of sexuality, and “gender role,” to refer to social expectations of male and female behavior. The two concepts still drive much research into sexual identity.

He was among the first scientists to study the psychological experience of sexual confusion and to grasp possible ways to relieve suffering. He was an early proponent of sex reassignment surgery for men and women who believed that their biologically given sex was at odds with their sexual identity i [.e.[gender dysphoria]]

He was among the first scientists to study the psychological experience of sexual confusion and to grasp possible ways to relieve suffering. He was an early proponent of sex reassignment surgery for men and women who believed that their biologically given sex was at odds with their sexual identity i.e.[gender dysphoria]]

He was co-editor of the influential 1969 book “Transsexualism and Sex Reassignment,” He also consulted frequently with parents who were trying to decide how to raise a child with ambiguous or damaged genitals.

He was co-editor of the influential 1969 book “Transsexualism and Sex Reassignment,” He also consulted frequently with parents who were trying to decide how to raise a child with ambiguous or damaged genitals.