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[[File:Trojan ruins.jpg|right|300px|thumb|View of the ruins of the Trojan citadel]]

[[File:Trojan ruins.jpg|right|300px|thumb|View of the ruins of the Trojan citadel]]

'''Troy''' (Ancient Greek: Τροία), archaeological site in northwestern [[Turkey]], chief city of the [[Trojans]] during the siege by the [[Greeks]] in the [[Trojan War]], an event described in poetic terms in [[Homer]]'s [[Iliad]] to have taken place around the 12th century B.C.<ref>Encyclopedia of Military History, Dupuy & Dupuy, 1979</ref>  Archaeological research is centered on Hisarlık Tepe, a small hillock in the province Çanakkale in which archaeologists [[Frank Calvert]] and [[Heinrich Schliemann]] identified as the most probable site of Troy in the 1860's, which is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site<ref>https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/849</ref>.

'''Troy''' (Ancient Greek: Τροία), archaeological site in northwestern [[Turkey]], chief city of the [[Trojans]] during the siege by the [[Greeks]] in the [[Trojan War]], an event described in poetic terms in [[Homer]]'s [[Iliad]] to have taken place around the 12th century B.C.<ref>Encyclopedia of Military History, Dupuy & Dupuy, 1979</ref>  Archaeological research is centered on Hisarlık Tepe, a small hillock in the province Çanakkale in which archaeologists [[Frank Calvert]] and [[Heinrich Schliemann]] identified as the most probable site of Troy in the 1860s, which is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site<ref>https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/849</ref>.

In addition to Homer, the Roman poet [[Virgil]] set down the [[Aeneid]], an epic of the founding of ancient [[Rome]] by a Trojan prince who fled the city after the Greeks had sacked it.

In addition to Homer, the Roman poet [[Virgil]] set down the [[Aeneid]], an epic of the founding of ancient [[Rome]] by a Trojan prince who fled the city after the Greeks had sacked it.

The highest evidence of a new component of social and cultural sign is represented by the level of Troy VIIb2, dated to the 11th century B.C. Recovered was pottery called "knobbed ware" (although ceramic remains have also appeared similar to that of the previous phase and also a pair of remains of Mycenaean pottery) with the horns in the form of decorative projections, mainly spread within the Balkan territory and probably the heritage of newcomers who either peacefully infiltrated in the region or followed the product of cultural exchanges between Troy and other foreign regions. The construction technique of the city varies significantly with orthostats<ref>https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/orthostat</ref> used to reinforced the walls in the lower courses with monumental megaliths.

The highest evidence of a new component of social and cultural sign is represented by the level of Troy VIIb2, dated to the 11th century B.C. Recovered was pottery called "knobbed ware" (although ceramic remains have also appeared similar to that of the previous phase and also a pair of remains of Mycenaean pottery) with the horns in the form of decorative projections, mainly spread within the Balkan territory and probably the heritage of newcomers who either peacefully infiltrated in the region or followed the product of cultural exchanges between Troy and other foreign regions. The construction technique of the city varies significantly with orthostats<ref>https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/orthostat</ref> used to reinforced the walls in the lower courses with monumental megaliths.

In 1995 a document was found written in this layer consisting of a bronze seal/stamp, where the signs of a writing system appear in the Luwian language called Luwian hieroglyphics<ref>https://www.omniglot.com/writing/luwian.htm</ref>. It was deciphered in its general sense, finding that one side contains the term "scribe", while in the back part the word "woman" and, on both sides, a benevolent sign. Therefore it is assumed that the owner of the seal must have been a public official. Troy VIIb2 fell due to a fire, probably due to natural causes.

In 1995 a document was found written in this layer consisting of a bronze seal/stamp, where the signs of a writing system appear in the Luwian language called Luwian hieroglyphics<ref>https://www.omniglot.com/writing/luwian.htm</ref>. It was deciphered in its general sense, finding that one side contains the term "scribe", while in the back part the word "woman" and, on both sides, a benevolent sign. Therefore, it is assumed that the owner of the seal must have been a public official. Troy VIIb2 fell due to a fire, probably due to natural causes.

Troy VIIb3 was dated up to about 950 B.C. The differentiation of this layer with the previous one led Korfmann to argue that after the end of the urban city immediately or shortly after another colony had to be distinguished from the previous one, characterized by the use of geometric ceramics and that disappeared in turn around 950 B.C.  Afterwards the place must have remained almost uninhabited up to 750-700 B.C. In contrast to this hypothesis, Dieter Hertel believes that some Greek tribes can be established on the site immediately after the end of Troy VIIb2.

Troy VIIb3 was dated up to about 950 B.C. The differentiation of this layer with the previous one led Korfmann to argue that after the end of the urban city immediately or shortly after another colony had to be distinguished from the previous one, characterized by the use of geometric ceramics and that disappeared in turn around 950 B.C.  Afterwards the place must have remained almost uninhabited up to 750-700 B.C. In contrast to this hypothesis, Dieter Hertel believes that some Greek tribes can be established on the site immediately after the end of Troy VIIb2.