Changes

By 1616, the Church’s [[Index of Forbidden Books]] required that nine sentences in Copernicus's book be corrected, and Galileo was told by the Inquisition that he must only use Copernican concepts as a hypothesis for the sake of calculation, without claiming that they had been literally proven true. Because Galileo had overstated the scientific case for the heliocentric theory and given some dubious theological arguments, the [[Catholic Church]] decided against Galileo in 1616 and said that 1) the immobility of the Sun at the center of the universe was absurd in philosophy and formally heretical, and that 2) the mobility of Earth was absurd in philosophy and at least erroneous in theology. <ref> http://www.hps.cam.ac.uk/starry/galileo.html </ref>  

By 1616, the Church’s [[Index of Forbidden Books]] required that nine sentences in Copernicus's book be corrected, and Galileo was told by the Inquisition that he must only use Copernican concepts as a hypothesis for the sake of calculation, without claiming that they had been literally proven true. Because Galileo had overstated the scientific case for the heliocentric theory and given some dubious theological arguments, the [[Catholic Church]] decided against Galileo in 1616 and said that 1) the immobility of the Sun at the center of the universe was absurd in philosophy and formally heretical, and that 2) the mobility of Earth was absurd in philosophy and at least erroneous in theology. <ref> http://www.hps.cam.ac.uk/starry/galileo.html </ref>  

Galileo tested [[Aristotle]]'s theory that heavy objects fall faster than light ones and found it was a consequence of air resistance, not gravity. By making careful measurements he found he could use mathematics to predict how things fell and the movements of pendulums and tides. His 1632 book ''Dialogue on the Tides'', which discussed both the Ptolemaic and Copernican hypotheses, was originally given permission to be published by Catholic censors, but the title was changed to ''Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems''.<ref>Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, 1632 [http://webexhibits.org/calendars/year-text-Galileo.html]</ref> This led to Galileo’s summons to Rome by the Inquisition. Galileo had erred by advocating heliocentrism as scientifically proven, which was not compatible with the Inquisition’s 1616 ruling. It also didn't help that he mocked the Pope in the form of a fictitious character named Simplicio. In 1633 Galileo was forced to renounce his beliefs. At first he was sentenced to life imprisonment, but this was commuted to permanent house arrest with a generous Church pension. This sentence was read aloud in public in every university. <ref> http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761557587&pn=3 </ref> Galileo went back to studying motion and mechanics.

Galileo tested [[Aristotle]]'s theory that heavy objects fall faster than light ones and found it was a consequence of air resistance, not gravity. By making careful measurements he found he could use mathematics to predict how things fell and the movements of pendulums and tides. His 1632 book ''Dialogue on the Tides'', which discussed both the Ptolemaic and Copernican hypotheses, was originally given permission to be published by Catholic censors, but the title was changed to ''Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems''.<ref>Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, 1632 [http://webexhibits.org/calendars/year-text-Galileo.html]</ref> This led to Galileo’s summons to Rome by the Inquisition. Galileo had erred by advocating heliocentrism as scientifically proven, which was not compatible with the Inquisition’s 1616 ruling. It also didn't help that he mocked the Pope in the form of a fictitious character named Simplicio. In 1633 Galileo was forced to renounce his beliefs. At first he was sentenced to life imprisonment, but this was commuted to permanent house arrest with a church pension. This sentence was read aloud in public in every university and the dialogue was ordered to be burned. <ref> http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761557587&pn=3 </ref> Galileo went back to studying motion and mechanics.

His theory of tides turned out to be mistaken.  

His theory of tides turned out to be mistaken.